scholarly journals MECHANISM OF THE REACTION BETWEEN BILE SALTS AND BLOOD SERUM AND THE EFFECT OF CONJUGATION IN THE FORMATION OF BILE SALTS

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 786-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Watson Sellards
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Acid Group ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inhibiting Action ◽  
Egg Albumen ◽  
Hemolytic Action

These experiments suggest the following conclusions concerning hemolytic action: 1. It is probably the proteid part of the serum which inhibits the bile salts. 2. The cholalic acid group is the active part of the bile salt molecule. 3. The protection afforded by bile salts against serum is of especial interest from the following considerations: (a) The protective action is a property apparently peculiar to proteids obtained from blood serum. It is not given satisfactorily by egg albumen. (b) The conjugation of cholalic acid with glycocoll in the formation of the bile salts is of some advantage to the organism. Although the toxicity of the cholalate for red corpuscles, when free from serum, is at most only slightly diminished by conjugation, yet the blood serum possesses a greater inhibiting action for the resulting glycocholate than for the original cholalate. 4. As compared with its inhibition of sodium glycocholate, normal serum possesses relatively little inhibiting action against certain foreign hemolytic agents, such as tetanus toxin, sodium benzoate, phenol and ethyl alcohol. 5. Hemolytic experiments afford a fairly general method for studying, in vitro, certain syntheses occurring in the body. They avoid, largely, the complications, such as rapid chemical alteration, which might occur in animal experimentation. Contrary to the results obtained with bile salts, the conjugation of benzoic acid and of phenol results in an effective reduction of their hemolytic action independently of the presence or absence of serum.

scholarly journals THE BEHAVIOR IN VIVO OF CERTAIN RELATIVELY PURE ANTIGENS

1926 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-634
Author(s):  
F. S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Egg White ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slow Increase ◽  
Egg Albumen ◽  
Considerable Period

The experiments are of interest in several respects. It is clear that crystallized egg albumen is rapidly eliminated from the circulation and in the experiments cited it could no longer be detected after 18 or 19 hours. A considerable portion of it rapidly passes through the kidney in an apparently unaltered state. Evidently this passage begins almost at once and may continue for a day or two. In an experiment not reported in this paper, egg albumen appeared in naturally voided urine 2 hours following its injection into the peritoneal cavity. In the experiments reported no urine was voided until 5½ and 6½ hours following intravenous administration, but in each instance egg albumen was present in considerable amounts. However, sufficient egg albumen must have been utilized to produce antibody. It is hardly to be expected that such a protein, whose elimination is so rapid, could persist unaltered within the body and reappear within the circulation coincident with its antibody. The behavior of the protein cannot be ascribed to alterations which may have taken place during the process of crystallization since Ascoli showed that the proteins of egg white readily pass from the circulation into the urine. Certain observations of the writer confirm this point. The experience of Alexander, Becke, and Holmes who exposed sensitized guinea pigs to sprays of dilute egg white with the result that 80 per cent of the animals developed symptoms of anaphylaxis, further strengthens the contention that certain of the membranes are readily permeable for the proteins of egg. The conditions following the injection of casein are different. There is no appreciable passage through the kidney. Casein is present within the circulation for a considerable period; it could be detected in the blood serum 12 and 13 days after its introduction into the peritoneal cavity. Antibody appeared on the 7th and 8th days, respectively, so that both antigen and antibody were present in the serum for a period of 3 or 4 days. The phenomenon of antigen and antibody occurring together might be explained on the ground that certain proteins are utilized slowly and that the antibody found in the blood, usually after the 7th day, results from the portion of antigen first utilized. During the next few days a continual supply of antibody enters the circulation and during the period there is a steady utilization of the antigenic substance; it is possible that during this time there is constant union of antigen and antibody within the blood, with the slow utilization of the antigen and a slight utilization of the antibody which is made up by a slow increase from the body cells. Thus there would be a period in which considerable antigen would be present with weak antibody, succeeded by a second period when the amount of antigen would be small with well defined antibody, and finally only antibody. Certain observations tend to support such a view. Bayne-Jones injected rabbits whose serum contained precipitin from egg albumen with this substance and noted the occurrence of both antigen and antibody for a period of 48 hours. Some of his experiments in vitro are equally suggestive. In one instance a rabbit well immunized with egg albumen was injected intravenously with this substance. An hour later it was bled and the stored serum refrigerated for a period. During this time there was a slow spontaneous precipitation with a decline in both precipitin and antigen titer, but even after 6 days both were present. After a longer period only antigen remained. P. A. Lewis and D. Loomis have shown that an injection of sheep red blood cells in guinea pigs results in a well defined hemolysin titer about the 9th day, followed by a definite decline, with a secondary rise in hemolysin until the peak is reached on the 20th day. It becomes evident, then, that the reaction of the rabbit to a single injection of a relatively pure protein will depend on the character of the protein injected. When crystallized egg albumen is administered it is rapidly eliminated from the circulation. The rapid disappearance of the egg albumen from the blood stream is partly accounted for by its prompt elimination through the urine. Antibody appears in the serum from the 7th to the 10th day. Casein behaves differently. It persists in the blood for a considerable period; after the 7th or 8th day both antigen and antibody may be demonstrated in the blood. Casein cannot be detected in the urine following its injection into the body. The behavior of casein within the body affords an analogy with the conditions frequently noted after the administration of foreign serum, in both cases both antigen and antibody may be present in the circulation together.

scholarly journals The inhibitory effect of blood serum on hæmolysis

1923 ◽  
Vol 95 (665) ◽  
pp. 42-61 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Serum Globulin

It has been recognised for many years that blood serum has an inhibitory effect on the hæmolysis produced by many substances, notably saponin and bile salts. Ransom (1), in 1901, observing that cholesterol inhibits the action of saponin, attributed the inhibitory effect of serum to the contained cholesterol. The quantities of cholesterol used in his experiments are far greater than those which occur in serum, and the experiments are inconclusive for that reason. Bayer (2), in 1907, investigated the inhibitory effect produced by serum on the action of the bile salts. He found that cholesterol has no inhibitory effect, that lecithin produces inhibition, but not in the quantities that occur in blood, and that the proteins of the serum are responsible for the inhibition. He calls attention to the results of von Eisler (3), who states that serum globulin inhibits the action of staphalolysin and of tetanolysin, and also those of von Liebermann, who finds that hæmolysis by soaps is prevented by serum albumin (4). Bayer’s researches are, in the main, confirmed by Sellards (5). The investigations of Ludke (6) and of Scandaliato (7), who found that the inhibitory effect of serum is slightly increased after the injection of bile salts, may be mentioned. The conclusions of these authors are unreliable, since inadequate methods of measuring the amount of inhibition were used. References to various points in connection with the inhibition produced by serum in vivo and in vitro are to be found in the writer’s earlier papers (8, 9, 10). The Nature of the Inhibitory Substances . Before proceeding to the quantitative estimations, it is necessary to know which constituents of serum are responsible for the inhibition of saponin and bile salt hæmolysis respectively. Bayer’s results might be taken as conclusive were it not for two considerations: (1) Bayer filtered most of the solutions of bile salts, and lecithin-bile-salt mixtures, whose hæmolytic power he wished to determine, through a Berkefeld filter, and thereafter tested their hæmolytic activity. He states that this procedure has no effect on the time taken for these solutions to produce hæmolysis. This is a fallacy, for a solution of sodium taurocholate will not pass through a filter paper without losing some of its hæmolytic activity, while passage through a Berkefeld filter causes a very marked change indeed (10). It is therefore not permissible to regard the hæmolytic activity of a solution filtered in this way as identical with, or even corresponding to, the activity of an unfiltered solution; (2) Bayer used very rough quantitative methods—he refers to “slight hæmolysis,” “considerable hæmolysis,” etc., and, accordingly, would be able to detect only very marked degrees of inhibition. The same remark applies to the experiments of Sellards.

scholarly journals THE OCCURRENCE OF DEGRADED PNEUMOCOCCI IN VIVO

1927 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 807-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hobart A. Reimann
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slight Variation ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Heterologous Serum

It is conceivable that a change from the virulent, non-phagocytable S form of Pneumococcus to the avirulent phagocytable R form may take place in pneumococcus disease, but the experiments here reported do not settle the question whether or not this is an important factor in determining the outcome in natural infection. It has been shown experimentally that the degradation from the S form to the R form actually does take place in cultures of Pneumococcus growing in agar subcutaneously embedded in guinea pigs, in agar enclosed in vials subcutaneously embedded in rabbits, and spontaneously in the blood stream of infected horses. However, it was not possible in any of the experiments here cited to demonstrate the complete change from S to R pneumococci before the bacteria disappeared from the body. When the intermediate or R forms did appear, they were always accompanied and usually exceeded in number by the S forms and all three forms disappeared together. S organisms may disappear entirely without evidence of first going through the intermediate and R stages. On the other hand, contrary to expectations, pure cultures of R forms remained viable in subcutaneous foci for weeks although apparently freely accessible to the action of phagocytes. It seems of some significance that the R forms appeared early in the vials (inoculated with S pneumococci) in immunized and normal rabbits alike, indicating that the presence of demonstrable specific immune bodies was not alone responsible for the variation of the bacteria. Of some importance also is the fact that R forms were never derived from similarly prepared control cultures growing in vitro at the same temperature and immersed in normal serum, although the S forms remained viable and unaltered for 6 weeks. It is likely that variations of pneumococci do not occur readily when S cultures are exposed to normal serum in vitro, especially when growing in closed vials under a diminished oxygen supply, for it has previously been shown (2) that only slight variation occurs even after prolonged (240) transfers in heterologous serum broth in the test-tube. It is possible, therefore, that the variation which occurred among pneumococci growing in agar vials embedded in normal rabbits was actually provoked by unknown influences in the living tissue fluids. Although R forms have been shown to occur in vivo, no positive evidence can be derived from these experiments to prove that recovery from pneumococcus infection depends upon the degradation of the virulent S forms of pneumococci to the avirulent R forms and the subsequent destruction of the latter by phagocytes.

scholarly journals Relation of Methemoglobin to Hemolysis

Blood ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 532-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
BYRON B. CLARK ◽  
ROBERT W. MORRISSEY ◽  
DOROTHY BLAIR
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Hemolytic Action ◽  
Hypotonic Saline ◽  
Made In

Abstract Experiments are described which attempt to define the relation of methemoglobin to hemolysis. A comparison was made in vitro of the resistance of erythrocytes containing chiefly oxyhemoglobin or methemoglobin to hemolysis by saponin, hypotonic saline, bile salts and lysolecithin. These data are interpreted to indicate that intracorpuscular methemoglobin does not alter the resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis by these lysins, although there are certain peculiarities in the results with bile salts and lysolecithin. In the case of bile salts and lysolecithin, oxyhemoglobin or methemoglobin may have an equal or different inhibitory effect on hemolysis depending upon the conditions of pH and temperature. Chronic methemoglobinemia in dogs maintained by the administration of sodium nitrite does not produce an anemia. These data suggest that the formation of methemoglobin is an independent effect and not a part of the hemolytic action of certain chemical agents.

scholarly journals THE FATE OF TYPHOID BACILLI WHEN INJECTED INTRAVENOUSLY INTO NORMAL RABBITS

1915 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll G. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
The Body ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Fresh Blood ◽  
Shed Blood ◽  
Destructive Processes

Typhoid bacilli are agglutinated promptly in the circulating blood of normal rabbits and quickly removed from the blood stream. The clumped bacilli accumulate in the organs and are taken up by assembled polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the liver, spleen, and possibly other organs. The phagocyted clumps of bacilli are digested and destroyed by the phagocytes. Hence, destruction of typhoid bacilli intra vitam is brought about by an entirely different process than is the destruction by serum and whole blood in vitro. While the latter is caused by bacteriolysis, the former results from agglutination and intraphagocytic digestion. Lysis by fresh blood serum is not appreciably affected by spleen or kidney pulp, but it is inhibited by liver pulp. The action of the liver is referable to its biliary constituents, which exert anticomplementary action. Probably in certain examples of typhoid fever in man the typhoid bacilli in the circulating blood being inagglutinable cannot be removed by the organs and hence are not phagocyted and destroyed. The observed disparity between the ready destruction of typhoid bacilli by serum and shed blood and the resistance sometimes offered by the bacilli in the infected body is explained by the essential differences in the destructive processes in operation within and without the body.

scholarly journals HEMOLYSIS WITH ALLOXAN AND ALLOXAN-LIKE COMPOUNDS, AND THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TOCOPHEROL

Blood ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 1062-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
CATHARINE S. ROSE ◽  
PAUL GYÖRGY
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Hemolytic Action

Abstract The production of hemolysis in tocopherol-deficient rats by injection of compounds related to alloxan has been studied. Alloxantin had the same hemolytic action as alloxan; dialuric acid was about twice, ninhydrin about six times as effective as alloxan. Alloxanic acid had no hemolytic action. In tocopherol-treated rats no hemolysis was observed after the injection of alloxantin, dialuric acid and ninhydrin, as well as of alloxan. Hemolysis of red blood cells obtained from tocopherol-deficient rats could be produced in vitro by dialuric acid and to a lesser extent by alloxantin but not by alloxan or ninhydrin. In the presence of cysteine, glutathione or ascorbic acid, alloxan reacted as dialuric acid. The three reducing agents themselves hemolyzed the cells of deficient rats although to a much lesser extent than did dialuric acid. The red blood cells of tocopherol-treated rats were resistant to hemolysis in vitro as in vivo by all the above hemolyzing compounds. Addition of tocopherol to the reaction mixture protected the cells of deficient animals against the hemolytic action of dialuric acid. The tocopherol was more effective when it was incubated with the cells before the dialuric acid was added. It is proposed that the hemolysis is linked with the reversible oxidation-reduction system of dialuric acid and alloxan, the actual hemolyzing agent being an intermediate of this reaction. Cysteine, glutathione and ascorbic acid, which are readily oxidized by molecular oxygen may form similar intermediates. The protective action of tocopherol is a function of the red blood cell and may best be explained as an antioxidant effect.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

A Simple and Inexpensive Clinical Whole Body Counter

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
A. K. Basu ◽  
S. K. Guha ◽  
B. N. Tandon ◽  
M. M. Gupta ◽  
M. ML. Rehani
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Body Counter ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Whole Body Counter ◽  
Single Detector ◽  
Background Index ◽  
Iodide Crystal

SummaryThe conventional radioisotope scanner has been used as a whole body counter. The background index of the system is 10.9 counts per minute per ml of sodium iodide crystal. The sensitivity and derived sensitivity parameters have been evaluated and found to be suitable for clinical studies. The optimum parameters for a single detector at two positions above the lying subject have been obtained. It has been found that for the case of 131I measurement it is possible to assay a source located at any point in the body with coefficient of variation less than 5%. To add to the versatility, a fixed geometry for in-vitro counting of large samples has been obtained. The retention values obtained by the whole body counter have been found to correlate with those obtained by in-vitro assay of urine and stool after intravenous administration of 51Cr-albumin.

Antiheparin Activity of Human Serum and Platelet Factor 4

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 093-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H.J Sear ◽  
L Poller ◽  
F.R.C Path
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Antiheparin Activity

SummaryThe antiheparin activity of normal serum has been studied by comparing the antiheparin activities of sera obtained from normal whole blood, platelet-rich plasma and platelet-’free’ plasma with a purified platelet extract during differential isoelectric precipitation and by gel filtration chromatography.The mean values for the activity of PRP-serum and PFP-serum were 106% (S.D. 11) and 10% (S.D. 3) of untreated whole blood respectively. The activity of whole blood serum, PRP serum and whole blood serum plus platelet extract precipitated under identical physical conditions, i.e. pH 7.0, I =0.008, indicating that the activities of the three samples are probably associated with PF4. PF4 precipitated from human platelet extract at pH 4.0, but this is probably due to the difference in the two biochemical environments investigated, i.e. serum and platelet extract.The gel filtration experiments revealed striking similarities between the major antiheparin activities of serum and platelet extract. At physiological pH and ionic strength both activities were associated with high molecular weight material, but at physiological pH and elevated ionic strength both activities behaved as much smaller entities of molecular weight between 25,000 and 30,000 daltons and it seems very likely that both activities are associated with the same molecule, i.e. PF4.

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