scholarly journals PHYSIOLOGICAL STIMULATION OF THE CHOROID PLEXUS AND EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS

1918 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Flexner ◽  
Harold L. Amoss ◽  
Frederick Eberson
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The experiments recorded in this paper serve, in the first place, to confirm the experiments of Dixon and Halliburton on the stimulating effect of intravenous injections of extracts of choroid plexus in the secretion of the cerebrospinal fluid, and extend their observations to monkeys. They bring out also the variable effects of the virus of poliomyelitis, variations affected by the quality of the virus and also by the individual powers of resistance to infection possessed by individual monkeys. These factors of variation must be taken into account in performing and interpreting experiments on infection and particularly those on immunity and specific therapy in relation to poliomyelitis. In general it may be said that experimental infection by way of the blood is not easy to produce in monkeys unless some contributing factor, such as the existence of a coincident aseptic meningitis, operates at the same time. And yet Experiments 1 and 2 show that when the strength of the virus is great the injection of relatively considerable quantities suffices to induce infection and paralysis, but not in all instances. The chief outcome of the experiments has been to determine the fact that when the intravenous inoculation of the virus does not in itself suffice to induce infection and paralysis, the intravenous injection of extracts of the choroid plexus, which in themselves excite the secretory functions which preside over the formation of the cerebrospinal fluid, is powerless to modify this result. This fact would seem to be of interest and importance, since it has already been shown that very slight structural changes in the meningeal-choroidal complex suffice to make possible or certain infection under these circumstances. Apparently mere augmentation, from time to time, of the secretory functions of the choroid plexus, through intravenous injection of an extract of the choroid plexus and while the virus is still circulating, is insufficient to insure passage of the virus from the blood into the nervous tissues, upon which infection depends. Neither does the augmentation exercise a restraining influence on the development of infection otherwise capable of taking place.

scholarly journals Positive Effect of Electroacupuncture Treatment on Gut Motility in Constipated Mice Is Related to Rebalancing the Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mingmin Xu ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Yu Guo ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Functional Constipation ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
Functional Bowel Disorder ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Electroacupuncture Treatment

Functional constipation (FC) is a common and often recurrent functional bowel disorder that seriously affects the quality of life of affected individuals and incurs a significant economic burden on both the individual and society. There is accumulating evidence that intestinal dysbiosis contributes to constipation and that rebalancing the gut microbiota may be a novel therapeutic modality for FC. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been shown to restore the gut microbiota to normal levels in a variety of diseases. Additionally, several high-quality clinical studies have confirmed that EA is an effective, sustained, and safe treatment for FC. However, whether the effects of EA are secondary to changes in the gut microbiota and how EA modulates intestinal dysbiosis induced by constipation are unknown. Therefore, here, we focused on the potential regulatory mechanisms of EA on diphenoxylate-induced constipation in mice by analyzing structural changes in the gut microbiota. Our results showed that EA treatment effectively rebalanced the gut microbiota of constipated mice, mainly by decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, which may represent one way in which EA promotes gastrointestinal motility and alleviates constipation. Our findings lay the foundation for further mechanistic and clinical research into the application of EA in patients with FC.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL ARTHRITIS IN THE RABBIT. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE PATHOGENY OF ARTHRITIS IN RHEUMATIC FEVER

1915 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Kniest Faber
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Primary Lesion ◽  
Experimental Arthritis ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation

By a process of sensitization described it was found possible to cause arthritis in rabbits constantly after one intravenous injection of the streptococcus. This reaction is specific. By intravenous inoculation, without previous sensitization, of the streptococcus used in these experiments it was possible to cause arthritis in rabbits only after three or more injections. An analogy is suggested between the arthritis induced by sensitization and the relapses in human rheumatic fever. A further analogy is suggested between the development in rabbits of arthritis after repeated intravenous injections and the development of the primary lesion in human rheumatic fever.

Thyroxine transport from blood to brain via transthyretin synthesis in choroid plexus

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (2) ◽  
pp. R338-R345 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Schreiber ◽  
A. R. Aldred ◽  
A. Jaworowski ◽  
C. Nilsson ◽  
M. G. Achen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Perfusion Medium ◽  
The Brain

The transport of thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain and the synthesis and secretion of transthyretin (formerly called prealbumin) were studied in rats and in sheep choroid plexus perfused in vitro. Rat choroid plexus contained 4.4 micrograms and rat liver 0.39 micrograms transthyretin mRNA per gram wet tissue. The specific radioactivity of transthyretin isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of rats 60 min after intravenous injection of [14C]leucine was greater than 50 times that of transthyretin from serum. After adding [14C]leucine to the perfusion medium of an in vitro perfused sheep choroid plexus, highly radioactive transthyretin was isolated from freshly secreted cerebrospinal fluid collected from the exposed choroid plexus surface. Secretion of newly synthesized transthyretin into the perfusion medium could not be demonstrated. After intravenous injection of [125I]-thyroxine into rats, a maximum in the curve of radioactivity in tissue plotted against time after injection was observed first for choroid plexus, thereafter for cerebrospinal fluid, and still later for cortex and striatum. Based on the obtained data, a hypothesis is derived for the mechanism of the transport of thyroid hormones from the bloodstream to the brain involving transthyretin synthesized in choroid plexus and secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid.

THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND SEMINAL EMISSION

1958 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. CROSS ◽  
T. D. GLOVER
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Sexual Excitation ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Cauda Epididymidis ◽  
Seminal Emission ◽  
Stimulation Of

SUMMARY 1. Stimulation of the hypogastric nerves in adult male rabbits under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia produced immediate contractions of the cauda epididymidis, vas deferens and seminal vesicle, with emission of semen. Kymographic records were obtained of the contractions of the seminal vesicle. 2. Intravenous injections of 1–5 μg adrenaline gave similar effects, but with latencies of 7–30 sec. Measured by its action on the seminal vesicle, adrenaline was two to five times more potent than noradrenaline. 3. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal, lateral or posterior areas of the hypothalamus evoked an immediate contraction of the seminal vesicle followed by a delayed contractile effect. Contractions of the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens also occurred. 4. The immediate response of the seminal vesicle to stimulation of the hypothalamus was abolished by section of the hypogastric nerves, and the delayed effect by adrenalectomy. After these interferences the two types of response could be simulated by stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut hypogastric nerves, and by injection of 1–5 μg adrenaline, respectively. 5. Neither electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis, nor injection of oxytocin or vasopressin induced a contraction of the seminal vesicle. 6. The results are discussed with reference to the influence of sexual excitation at coitus on the volume and quality of ejaculated semen.

scholarly journals Assessment of health-related quality of life of patients with chronic arthritis

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 684-689
Author(s):  
Dusan Mustur ◽  
Vladislava Vesovic-Potic ◽  
Tatjana Ille ◽  
Dejana Stanisavljevic ◽  
Mihailo Ille
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Chronic Arthritis ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Disease Specific

The assessment of the quality of life as a subjective measure of therapeutic intervention outcome appears to be increasingly adopted by different fields of medicine. In contrast to conventional indicators of condition, which are recognized as objective outcomes, the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) focuses on the patient himself. HRQoL has been determined as the perception of the individual of his or her situation in the current culture and value system; it includes wishes, expectations and emotional responses of the individual related to his or her health. Chronic arthritis leads to irreversible structural changes in joints and consequently to impaired physical function and reduced HRQoL. Today there are validated disease specific ('target') questionnaires to assess HRQoL in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, but not yet in patients with psoriatic arthritis. A disease specific questionnaire makes easier approach to patients suffering from a specific rheumatic condition; it enables the comparison of HRQoL among patients suffering from the different types of chronic arthritis. The most frequently used questionnaire in the assessment of the HRQoL of patients suffering from chronic arthritis is the generic MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) which is considered as the 'gold standard'. It is a generic questionnaire for the assessment of HRQoL in patients with chronic arthritis. To our knowledge, there are only a few studies focused on the HRQoL of patients suffering from chronic arthritis in Serbia and Montenegro.

ANTIDIURETIC ACTIVITY IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. HELLER ◽  
S. H. HASAN ◽  
A. Q. SAIFI
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Local Anaesthesia ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Neurohypophysial Hormones ◽  
Antidiuretic Activity ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
3Rd Ventricle ◽  
Stimulation Of

SUMMARY Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained by cisternal puncture from rabbits within 10 min. after intravenous pentobarbitone anaesthesia contained the equivalent of 57 ± 5·4 μ-u. arginine vasopressin/ml. Treatment with thioglycollate and trypsin abolished the antidiuretic activity. Stimulation of the central end of a severed vagus raised the concentration of antidiuretic activity in the CSF significantly. After the intravenous injection of vasopressin, antidiuretic activity measured in blood and CSF rose quickly, but the levels attained in the CSF were always lower than those in blood. When CSF samples were obtained with local anaesthesia no antidiuretic activity could be demonstrated; i.e. in terms of the sensitivity of the assay procedure used these samples contained less than the equivalent of 4·2 μ-u. vasopressin/ml. The significance of these findings is discussed in connexion with the morphological evidence suggesting the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones by neurosecretory neurones into the 3rd ventricle.

scholarly journals PENETRATION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

1914 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Flexner ◽  
Harold L. Amoss
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Inoculation Test ◽  
Pathological Conditions

The virus of poliomyelitis introduced into the blood may pass indirectly by way of the cerebrospinal fluid to the interstices of the central nervous organs. To reach the cerebrospinal fluid the virus must first penetrate the barrier of the choroid plexus, which operation requires time. By the inoculation test, no virus was detected in the fluid at the expiration of 48 hours, only small amounts at the expiration of 72 hours, while at the expiration of 96 hours the virus had passed more freely. The virus was still detectable in the fluid at the onset of paralysis 19 days after the intravenous injection. Pathological conditions of the leptomeninges and the cerebrospinal fluid play an important part in the pathogenesis of epidemic poliomyelitis.

scholarly journals Autonomic Nerves in the Mammalian Choroid Plexus and Their Influence on the Formation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

1981 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lindvall ◽  
Christer Owman
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Cholinergic Innervation ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Csf Production ◽  
Stimulation Of

The choroid plexuses of all ventricles receive a well-developed adrenergic and cholinergic innervation reaching both the secretory epithelium and the vascular smooth muscle cells. Also peptidergic nerves, containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, are present but primarily associated only with the vascular bed. A sympathetic inhibitory effect on the plexus epithelium has been indicated in determinations of carbonic anhydrase activity and by studies of various aspects of active transport in isolated plexus tissue. Pharmacological analysis in vitro has shown the choroidal arteries to possess both vasoconstrictory α-adrenergic and vasodilatory β-adrenergic receptors. Electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves, which originate in the superior cervical ganglia, induces as much as 30% reduction in the net rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, while sympathectomy results in a pronounced increase, about 30% above control, in the CSF formation. There is strong reason to believe that the choroid plexus is under the influence of a considerable sympathetic inhibitory tone under steady-state conditions. From pharmacological and biochemical experiments it is suggested that the sympathomimetic reduction in the rate of CSF formation is the result of a combined β-receptormediated inhibition of the secretion from the plexus epithelium and a reduced blood flow in the choroid plexus tissue resulting from stimulation of the vascular α-receptors. The choroid plexus probably also represents an important inactivation site and gate mechanism for sympathomimetic amines, as evidenced by considerable local activity of catechol- O-methyl transferase and monoamine oxidase, primarily type B. The CSF production rate is also reduced by cholinomimetic agents, suggesting the presence of muscarinic-type cholinergic receptors in the choroid plexus.

Structural and Chemical Characterisation of Ni/Ti Multilayers with TEM

1995 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Leifer ◽  
P.A. Buffat ◽  
P. Böni ◽  
D. Clemens ◽  
H.P. Friedli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Concentration Profiles ◽  
Probe Diameter ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Argon Sputtering ◽  
Deposited Films

ABSTRACTNi/Ti multilayers were prepared by argon sputtering. We observe changes of latticeparameter, strain, grain size and texture depending on the single layer thickness and thepressure of the sputter gas. Moreover the quality of the layers can be improved by including impurities during the growth of the Ni and the Ti layers. Generally the results show that such additions lead to more planar layers and to structural changes within the individual layers. Although we observe hexagonal Titanium in the as-deposited films, some of the specimens which were prepared for TEM observation reveal an fcc-Ti structure.The chemical composition of the layers has been investigated in a field emission microscope using a probe diameter of nmmC. omposition profiles were determined by evaluating EELS spectra taken at each point in an automated scan, In this way it was possible to determine residual concentrations of Ni in Ti layers lower than 0.5%. In the samples studied the interface width appears to be of the order of 4-5nm and the concentration profiles of Ni—Ti interfaces appear to be different from those of the Ti—Ni interfaces.

Anisotropic radiation damage of potassium tetracyano platinate (KCP)

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 392-393
Author(s):  
N. Uyeda ◽  
E. J. Kirkland ◽  
B. M. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Radiation Sensitivity ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Damage Process ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Fading Rate

The direct observation of structural change by high resolution electron microscopy will be essential for the better understanding of the damage process and its mechanism. However, this approach still involves some difficulty in quantitative interpretation mostly being due to the quality of obtained images. Electron diffraction, using crystalline specimens, has been the method most frequently applied to obtain a comparison of radiation sensitivity of various materials on the quantitative base. If a series of single crystal patterns are obtained the fading rate of reflections during the damage process give good comparative measures. The electron diffraction patterns also render useful information concerning the structural changes in the crystal. In the present work, the radiation damage of potassium tetracyano-platinate was dealt with on the basis two dimensional observation of fading rates of diffraction spots. KCP is known as an ionic crystal which possesses “one dimensional” electronic properties and it would be of great interest to know if radiation damage proceeds in a strongly asymmetric manner.

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