scholarly journals THE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT OF ARTERIAL AND OF VENOUS BLOOD IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS AND IN PATIENTS WITH ANEMIA AND HEART DISEASE

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Harrop
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Normal Individual ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Percentage Saturation ◽  
Normal Individuals

1. The oxygen content of venous and of arterial blood from fifteen essentially normal individuals at rest in bed has been determined. 2. The percentage saturation of the arterial blood has varied between 100 and 94.3. The average is 95.5 per cent. 3. The oxygen consumption has varied between 2.6 and 8.3 volumes per cent. 4. The oxygen content and the percentage saturation of arterial blood taken at close intervals from three different peripheral arteries of a normal individual have shown values agreeing within the limits of error. Analyses of the blood gases of a normal individual, at rest and after exercise, have shown a lowering of the percentage oxygen saturation of the arterial blood and a diminished carbon dioxide content after exercise. 5. In three persons with severe anemia the saturation of the arterial blood has not differed from the normal. Very low absolute values were found for the oxygen content of the venous blood, but the normal oxygen consumption has been maintained. 6. The carbon dioxide content of the arterial blood from ten normal individuals has varied between 54.7 and 44.6 volumes per cent. That of the venous blood has varied between 60.4 and 48.3 volumes per cent. 7. No deviations from the normal values for oxygen and carbon dioxide were found in venous and arterial blood from cardiac patients without arrhytiunias, well compensated, and at rest in bed. 8. A series of determinations has been made upon nine cardiac patients with varying degrees of decompensation. The percentage oxygen saturation of the arterial blood on admission was abnormally low in seven of these cases. With the return to compensation and with the clearing up of pulmonary symptoms, the percentage saturation of the arterial blood returned to normal in four of them. 9. In a case of long standing mitral endocarditis with auricular fibrillation it remained low over a period of I month of observation. 10. In a case of chronic myocarditis secondary to emphysema and chronic bronchitis, it remained low over the period of observation. 11. Normal values for the percentage saturation of the arterial blood were found in two individuals with decompensated aortic disease but without physical signs of extensive pulmonary involvement. 12. The oxygen consumption tended to be high in individuals with cardiac disease during the periods of marked decompensation and to be lower as compensation was regained. 13. The data presented indicate that at least in many circulatory diseases during decompensation, particularly when there are physical signs of pulmonary congestion, there is a disturbance of the pulmonary exchange, as indicated by the lowering of the percentage saturation of the arterial blood with oxygen.

scholarly journals THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF THE BLOOD IN LOBAR PNEUMONIA

1913 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis W. Peabody
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Hemoglobin Molecule

In most cases of uncomplicated lobar pneumonia the decrease of respiratory surface is completely compensated for, and the oxygen content of the blood is within normal limits. Occasional cases of uncomplicated pneumonia have an oxygen content of the venous blood which is below normal. In the two cases reported here, this was associated with a carbon dioxide content of the blood which was higher than normally, and the condition was apparently due to an interference with the respiratory exchange of gases. In the terminal stage of the fatal cases of pneumonia in which death does not occur with great suddenness, there is often a progressive diminution in the oxygen content of the blood. Synchronous with this is a progressive decrease in the oxygen-combining capacity of the blood. These changes are usually seen in patients in whom an intense bacteremia has developed and are analogous to those found in the arterial blood of infected rabbits, and to those resulting from the growth of the pneumococcus in blood in vitro. In all three conditions there is probably a change of oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin. This change of the hemoglobin molecule, so that it no longer takes up and gives off oxygen readily, is probably a factor in the immediate cause of death in many cases of pneumonia.

The Significance of the Bohr Effect in the Respiration and Asphyxiation of the Squid, Loligo Pealei

1929 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALFRED C. REDFIELD ◽  
ROBERT GOODKIND
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Bohr Effect ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Cent Oxygen ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Loligo Pealei

1. The oxygen and carbon-dioxide content of the arterial and venous blood of the squid, Loligo pealei, have been measured. 2. Using a nomographic method of analysis it is shown that the reciprocal effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide upon the respiratory properties of squid haemocyanin account for one-third of the respiratory exchange. 3. The venous blood is estimated to be 0.13 pH unit more acid than the arterial blood. 4. Death from asphyxiation occurs when the oxygen and carbon-dioxide pressures are such that the arterial blood can combine with only 0.5 to 1.5 volumes per cent, oxygen. Carbon dioxide exerts no toxic effect except through its influence on the oxygenation of the blood. 5. The haemocyanin of the blood is of vital necessity to the squid, because the amount of oxygen which can be physically dissolved in blood is less than the amount which is necessary for the maintenance of life.

scholarly journals ERYTHROSIS, OR FALSE CYANOSIS

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christen Lundsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Total Hemoglobin ◽  
Oxygen Capacity ◽  
Mucous Membranes

1. In the venous blood of a patient with Vaquez' disease normal values were found for the oxygen unsaturation (reduced hemoglobin), although the total hemoglobin and oxygen capacity were abnormally high. The carbon dioxide content was normal. 2. The color of the skin and mucous membranes of this patient was more reddish than blue. 3. It is proposed to call the color of the skin in polycythemic patients erythrosis in order to distinguish the condition from cyanosis.

scholarly journals THE CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT OF THE BLOOD IN PNEUMONIA

1912 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis W. Peabody
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Constant Feature ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

A diminution in the carbon dioxide content of the blood is a constant feature in pneumonia. Occasional cases, however, may fail to show low carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide in the blood bears little definite relation to the severity of the disease, except that it tends to be lowest in severe cases and in the terminal stages of the disease. There is less deviation from the normal in short or mild cases. The diminution in the carbon dioxide in the blood bears no immediate relation to temperature, as it may persist for some days after the patient is afebrile. The diminution in carbon dioxide corresponds to the other evidences of metabolic changes in infection and, like them, may be even greater after than during the febrile period. The changes in the carbon dioxide content of the blood run parallel to the output of ammonia in the urine. The carbon dioxide appears to bear no relation to chlorine excretion. In two unusual cases the carbon dioxide content of the blood was normal or above normal. This was associated with a very low oxygen content of the venous blood.

Oxygen Transport by the Circulatory System of the Green Iguana (Iguana Iguana) at Different Body Temperatures

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-92
Author(s):  
VANCE A. TUCKER
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Iguana Iguana ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Percentage Saturation ◽  
The Right

1. Oxygen consumption, stroke volume, heart rate and the difference in oxygen contents of arterial and venous blood (AV difference) were measured in the resting iguana at body temperatures of 20, 30 and 38° C. Oxygen consumption increased by a factor of 4.4 as temperature changed from 20 to 38° C. This increase was accomplished by a decrease in stroke volume by a factor of 0.5, and increases in heart rate and AV difference by factors of 4.1 and 2.2, respectively. 2. During activity increases in oxygen consumption at a given temperature were accompanied by increases in heart rate and AV difference, but stroke volume did not change consistently. 3. The percentage saturation of arterial blood with oxygen in the iguana may differ in the right and left systemic arches. In some lizards, both arches carried equally saturated blood, but in others the left arch carried blood containing less oxygen than the right arch. 4. An hypothesis is presented concerning the function of the double systemic arches and incompletely divided ventricles of lizards. These structures may be a device for permitting increased cardiac output associated with thermoregulation to bypass the lungs while maintaining a supply of well-oxygenated blood to the head. 5. Data on oxygen capacity, percentage saturation of blood with oxygen, haematocrit and pH of iguana blood are included in this study.

Clinical evaluation of an instrument to measure carbon dioxide tension at the oxygenator gas outlet in cardiopulmonary bypass

Perfusion ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Kristiansen ◽  
Jan Olav Høgetveit ◽  
Thore H Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Gas Measurement ◽  
Venous Blood Gas

This paper presents the clinical testing of a new capno-graph designed to measure the carbon dioxide tension at the oxygenator exhaust outlet in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). During CPB, there is a need for reliable, accurate and instant estimates of the arterial blood CO2 tension (PaCO2) in the patient. Currently, the standard practice for measuring PaCO2 involves the manual collection of intermittent blood samples, followed by a separate analysis performed by a blood gas analyser. Probes for inline blood gas measurement exist, but they are expensive and, thus, unsuitable for routine use. A well-known method is to measure PexCO2, ie, the partial pressure of CO2 in the exhaust gas output from the oxygenator and use this as an indirect estimate for PaCO2. Based on a commercially available CO2 sensor circuit board, a laminar flow capnograph was developed. A standard sample line with integrated water trap was connected to the oxygenator exhaust port. Fifty patients were divided into six different groups with respect to oxygenator type and temperature range. Both arterial and venous blood gas samples were drawn from the CPB circuit at various temperatures. Alfa-stat corrected pCO2 values were obtained by running a linear regression for each group based on the arterial temperature and then correcting the PexCO2 accordingly. The accuracy of the six groups was found to be (±SD): ±4.3, ±4.8, ±5.7, ±1.0, ±3.7 and ±2.1%. These results suggest that oxygenator exhaust capnography is a simple, inexpensive and reliable method of estimating the PaCO2 in both adult and pediatric patients at all relevant temperatures.

MAINTENANCE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN RESTING SILURUS GLANIS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF AMBIENT OXYGENATION

1989 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN FORGUE ◽  
BERNARD BURTIN ◽  
JEAN-CHARLES MASSABUAU
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Flow Rate ◽  
Binding Characteristics ◽  
Silurus Glanis ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
O2 Partial Pressure ◽  
O2 Extraction ◽  
O2 Concentration ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation

The mechanisms of adaptation that allow the teleost Silurus glanis to maintain its resting oxygen consumption constant when the O2 partial pressure (PO2) m the inspired water (PIO2) varied between 40 and 3kPa were studied at 13 °C. Steadystate values of oxygen consumption, ventilatory and circulatory flow rates, PO2 in the inspired and expired water, PO2 and O2 concentration in the arterial and venous blood, haematocrit and acid--base status in the arterial blood were determined after 1-day exposures at selected PIO2 values. Whole-blood O2-binding characteristics were also determined. The key adaptation after 1 day of acclimation was maintenance of oxygen consumption by ventilatory adjustment with no change in blood flow rate or pH (no Bohr effect). At each PIO2 value (i) the ventilatory adjustment was minimal as the O2 extraction coefficient from water always remained around 80–90 % and (ii) PaO2 stayed constant at about 2kPa. Data are compared with previous results in crayfish and other teleosts. It is concluded that the principle of a constant O2 status in themilieu intérieur -- independent of large changes in PIO2 for a given state of activity -- should be valid in many crustaceans and teleosts.

scholarly journals The duration of the recovery period following strenuous muscular exercise

1933 ◽  
Vol 113 (783) ◽  
pp. 327-344 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Oxygen Intake ◽  
Respiratory Metabolism ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Output ◽  
Steady Level ◽  
Made In

There are a variety of ways in which the duration of the recovery period after exercise can be determined. The method most frequently employed depends upon observations of the respiratory metabolism. This method has been chosen because the respiratory changes due to exercise can be followed with reasonable ease and accuracy, and because these changes are among the last of the more obvious effects of the exercise to disappear during recovery. In addition, interesting data concerning the effects of exercise on respiratory metabolism can be collected during the determination of the duration of the recovery period when this method is used. In determining the duration of the recovery period by observation of the respiratory metabolism, it is necessary to decide when the carbon dioxide output and oxygen intake have returned to their normal values and are no longer affected by the process of recovery from the exercise. This decision has been made in a variety of ways by different investigators. Some have made one or more pre-exercise determinations of the subject's basal oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output. Recovery was said to be complete when the carbon dioxide output and oxygen consumption returned to these values after exercise. Others found that the oxygen consumption did not return to the pre-exercise level within a reasonable length of time, but remained above normal for several hours. They considered that recovery was complete when the carbon dioxide output and oxygen intake returned to a steady level after exercise, even if the level was not the same as that before exercise.

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