scholarly journals STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER

1931 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Zinsser ◽  
M. Ruiz Castaneda ◽  
C. V. Seastone
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Pictures ◽  
Typhus Fever

The above experiments demonstrate that guinea pigs and rats subjected to vitamin-deficient diets to a point at which deficiency symptoms appear, and then inoculated with typhus virus, exhibit clinical pictures which indicate a far more severe infection than that observed in normal animals after inoculation. There is also a wider distribution of Rickettsiae and a concentration of organisms which, in pleural and peritoneal exudates, amounts to almost cultural proportions. Important from our point of view is the fact that these experiments furnished a step toward the accomplishment of our purpose, which was to obtain amounts and concentrations of Rickettsiae suitable for immunological studies until such a time when tissue culture may have developed to a practically useful stage. The experiments are of immediate importance in that they furnish us a method for improving our technique of active immunization reported upon in the preceding paper, No. V (8). From the epidemiological point of view these experiments at least suggest an explanation of one of the important factors which enter into the historical association of high typhus mortality with war and famine.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER

1931 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Zinsser ◽  
M. Ruiz Castaneda
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Spotted Fever ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever ◽  
Typhus Fever

Guinea pigs can be immunized against Mexican typhus virus by peritoneal injections of formalinized Rickettsia material, provided sufficient amounts of the organisms are used. Our results in this respect are analogous to those of Spencer and Parker with carbolized virus of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The Rickettsia suspensions appear to possess considerable toxicity. We do not wish to be misunderstood as implying that the results in guinea pigs offer anything more than a demonstration of the principle of active immunization with killed Rickettsiae. Application to man will have to be worked out, and preliminary to this, we are now attempting to apply the methods to a limited number of monkeys.

scholarly journals FURTHER STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER

1936 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Zinsser ◽  
Attilio Macchiavello
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Typhus Fever ◽  
Culture Virus ◽  
Pig Serum

1. Guinea pigs can be actively immunized against European typhus fever with homologous formalinized Rickettsia tissue cultures, provided sufficient amounts are injected. The method is suggested for practical application in man. 2. Serovaccination against European typhus fever can be successfully applied to guinea pigs by a variety of methods, the simplest of which consists of the injection of mixtures of virulent defibrinated guinea pig blood and convalescent guinea pig serum taken from 3 to 5 days after defervescence. Similar results can be obtained with mixtures in which tissue culture virus, either with convalescent guinea pig serum or with antimurine horse serum, is used. There is no indication so far that such animals become carriers. Possible application of these methods to typhus epidemics is discussed.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER

1931 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Zinsser ◽  
M. Ruiz Castaneda
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Etiological Factors ◽  
Typhus Fever

We have adduced evidence that guinea pigs can be completely or partially protected by three injections of typhus tunica material in which there are moderate numbers of Rickettsiae, treated for from 24 to 48 hours with a 0.2 per cent formalin solution. We believe that the immunization is due to the presence of the Rickettsiae, since in our preceding experiments we have satisfied ourselves that these organisms are the true etiological factors of the disease. For the reasons stated above, we believe that the formalinized vaccine does not contain living, but attenuated organisms, and that the immunizing effect is the result of treatment with formalin-killed Rickettsiae. This point, however, we admit, is not absolutely determined. These experiments, together with the results obtained in the concentration of Rickettsia material by the diet method of reducing resistance as described in the paper which follows, furnish a hopeful method and a reasonable theoretical basis for a procedure of active immunization against this disease in human beings.

scholarly journals ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION OF GUINEA PIGS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

1936 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herald R. Cox ◽  
Peter K. Olitsky
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Hyperimmune Serum ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Tenfold Increase ◽  
Virus Produce

An analysis of the preceding experiments discloses that antiviral bodies are demonstrable not at all or in small amounts in the sera of guinea pigs injected with a quantity of active virus not sufficient to induce immunity against the described intracerebral test for induced resistance. However, neutralizing bodies are found in immune animals, although in low concentration, and are regularly manifested when serum is added to low multiples of infective doses of virus under optimal conditions of time and temperature. Hyperimmune serum, on the other hand, reveals a distinct increase in the amount of antiviral bodies present. Irrespective of the mode of procedure for revealing neutralizing bodies, there does not appear to be any notable difference in the content of such bodies in the serum of animals immunized with active virus or with formolized vaccine in which active virus could not be demonstrated. In other words, the antigenic complexes in active as well as in inactive virus produce similar degrees of antibody reaction. The formolization of virus tissue suspensions, therefore, can be considered as a process whereby the virus is inactivated but the antigenicity of the suspensions is preserved, as is also shown in the preceding paper of this series in tests on tissue immunity. In that article is described the remarkably high degree of tissue immunity which results from injections of inactive virus; now we demonstrate that this resistance is associated with a minimal degree of serum antibody. Finally, the question may well be asked, if practically no antiviral bodies are demonstrable immediately or soon after mixing immune serum and virus, and are recognizable in a tenfold increase when functions of time and temperature are brought into play, whether the bodies are "neutralizing" or the phenomenon is due merely to aggregation of virus particles by the serum. From the recent work on the same virus and immune serum (9) by Merrill, there appears to be warrant for the belief in aggregation of virus particles which in turn diminishes the virus activity to the indicated degree.

Electron microscopy in diagnostic virology

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 70-73
Author(s):  
S. E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
Viral Diagnosis ◽  
Electron Microscopist ◽  
Diagnostic Virology

The techniques for detecting viruses are many and varied including FAT, ELISA, SPIRA, RPHA, SRH, TIA, ID, IEOP, GC (1); CF, CIE (2); Tzanck (3); EM, IEM (4); and molecular identification (5). This paper will deal with viral diagnosis by electron microscopy and will be organized from the point of view of the electron microscopist who is asked to look for an unknown agent--a consideration of the specimen and possible agents rather than from a virologist's view of comparing all the different viruses. The first step is to ascertain the specimen source and select the method of preparation, e. g. negative stain or embedment, and whether the sample should be precleared by centrifugation, concentrated, or inoculated into tissue culture. Also, knowing the type of specimen and patient symptoms will lend suggestions of possible agents and eliminate some viruses, e. g. Rotavirus will not be seen in brain, nor Rabies in stool, but preconceived notions should not prejudice the observer into missing an unlikely pathogen.

Beastness is Our Culture / Le legs de McLuhan aux Études Animales

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jaclin
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Media Ecology ◽  
Human World ◽  
Theoretical Apparatus

Shaping a human world is generally understood from an inorganic point of view. Sand becomes microchips while stones are turned into homes, projectiles or writing surfaces. In this article, I suggest broadening these conceptions and looking at the shaping of our world from an organic point of view, with an emphasis on communities composed of humans and their other ancestrally modified companions: “domestic” animals. Using a media ecology-oriented theoretical apparatus, I discuss McLuhan’s legacies from an Animal Studies perspective. Although his work mostly applied to press, TV or radio, can we actualize it to reconsider the existences of some biotechnologically altered organisms? Can over-productive cows, landscaped dogs, estrogenized tigers, spider goats and other reformed guinea pigs be thought of as ever-evolving media?Le façonnement du monde humain est généralement associé à la mise en forme de l’inorganique et aux possibilités technologiques qui en découlent. C’est ainsi que le sable peut être transformé en microprocesseurs ou devenir verre tandis que la pierre peut éventuellement servir à la construction d’abris ou de projectiles. Dans cet article, je suggère d’élargir certaines de ces conceptions anthropogéniques, ainsi qu’une partie de la théorie médiatique, à l’organique et à la manipulation animale. Je propose ainsi de repenser la frange mutante de notre bestiaire moderne (chèvres-araignées, tigres oestrogénéisés, condors GPS,) comme autant de media en constante évolution. Depuis la perspective des Études animales, je reviens sur l’héritage de McLuhan et sur l’écologie médiatique qui s’en inspire. Car, même si son travail s’intéresse principalement aux médias, à la presse, à la télévision ou encore à la radio, en actualiser style et principes jette une lumière nouvelle sur l’existence biotechnologiquement modifiée d’une partie du vivant.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SCROTAL SWELLING AND RICKETTSIA BODIES TO MEXICAN TYPHUS FEVER

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ruiz Castaneda
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Tunica Vaginalis ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Scrotal Swelling ◽  
Typhus Fever ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The experiments recorded above have demonstrated the following points: 1. Scrotal swelling can appear in guinea pigs directly inoculated from a human case of Mexican typhus fever. 2. In certain strains of this disease, a number of generations of guinea pigs may show absolutely no scrotal swelling, which, however, may reappear in subsequent animals, suggesting—though not absolutely proving—that the scrotal swelling is an integral part of the disease and is not due to an incidental accompanying organism. If the latter were true, one would expect the organisms that caused the scrotal swelling to disappear during the negative generations. 3. A typhus fever sustained by a guinea pig without scrotal swelling protects against the swelling upon subsequent inoculation with a strain which produces this with considerable regularity. 4. Louse passage increases the capacity of a strain to produce the scrotal lesion, probably because of the considerable accumulation of rickettsia in the louse, but in the experiment noted, even after louse passage, two generations without swelling occurred, followed by reoccurrence of the swelling. We believe that these observations, taken together, can be interpreted in favour of the likelihood that the swelling is a part of the disease and that the rickettsia-like organisms described by Mooser in the tunica vaginalis have etiological significance.

scholarly journals Studies on Thrombopoiesis

Blood ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 507-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. IZAK ◽  
D. NELKEN ◽  
J. GUREVITCH ◽  
MISS A. HERZOG
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Bone Marrow Tissue ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
The One

Abstract Thrombocyte production from megakaryocytes of healthy humans, dogs, guinea pigs and mice was observed continuously for one to six days in tissue culture. Approximately 70 per cent of the explanted megakaryocytes broke down to give rise to numerous platelets, while the remaining 30 per cent of the cells remained unchanged. The newly formed thrombocytes were separated from the rest of the bone marrow tissue, counted and their serotonin absorbing capacity determined. There was invariably a gradual increase in both the number of thrombocytes and in their serotonin absorbing capacity during the one to six days of observation. The results obtained were similar in human megakaryocytes and in those of experimental animals.

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