scholarly journals THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS RECEPTORS OF RED CELLS

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Sodium Periodate ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Virus Receptors ◽  
Serum Inhibitor

The influenza virus receptors of fowl red cells and the influenza virus inhibitor of normal rabbit serum have the following attributes in common: They are stable at high temperatures and in solutions of pH as high as 10.0. They both resist destruction by a number of oxidizing agents but are readily destroyed by sodium periodate, trypsin, and influenza virus. These facts suggest that the red cell receptor and the normal serum inhibitor are either the same or analogous substances and that they may belong to the mucoprotein class of compounds.

scholarly journals THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS RECEPTORS OF RED CELLS

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Type A ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Virus Inhibitor ◽  
Virus Receptors

Evidence has been offered that influenza virus which has been heated at 56°C. for 30 or more minutes loses some of its capacity to agglutinate red cells and may completely lose its power to elute from cells on which it has been adsorbed. Such heat-inactivated virus does not possess the capacity to destroy the virus inhibitor in normal rabbit serum and this appears to be the explanation of the higher agglutinin inhibitory levels obtained with serum and heated virus as compared with serum and untreated virus. The heat-inactivated virus can be used to measure the inhibitor substance in normal rabbit serum. By two different methods it has been demonstrated that the inhibitor is destroyed in the presence of unheated influenza virus, as measured by inhibition titrations with virus inactivated at 56°C. The destruction of inhibitor by virus of either type A or B can be measured by virus of either type with similar results.

scholarly journals THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS RECEPTORS OF RED CELLS

1949 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Periodate ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cholera Vibrio ◽  
Virus Receptors

Influenza virus, treated with sodium periodate, was adsorbed well on red cells but lacked the capacity for spontaneous elution. Heated virus was eluted from red cells by the action of cholera vibrio filtrate, unheated influenza virus, and to a small extent by heating at 56°C. Periodate-treated virus was not elutable by these methods but was liberated by exposure of the adsorbing cells to concentrations of sodium chloride of 5 to 10 per cent. This treatment had no effect on elution of heated virus.

scholarly journals ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA. III

1930 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold A. Abramson
Keyword(s):  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Protein Film ◽  
Electrokinetic Phenomena ◽  
Cell Destruction ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobilities ◽  
Isoelectric Points ◽  
Complete Protein

A survey of the published electrophoretic mobilities of certain mammalian red cells reveals that the isoelectric points accorded to these cells are the result of equilibria incidental to red cell destruction. The electrophoretic mobilities of normal washed sheep and human cells have now been studied in 0.85 per cent NaCl solutions from about pH 3.6 to 7.4. All measurements were made within 2 minutes of the preparation of the suspension of red cells. In no case was reversal of sign of charge observed under these conditions. Reversal of sign of charge occurred only after sufficient time had elapsed to permit sufficient adsorption of the products of red cell destruction. There is little change in mobility as the pH of the medium is decreased. Reversal of sign of charge does occur in the presence of normal and immune (anti-sheep) rabbit sera. The isoelectric point determined under these conditions does not appear to be connected specifically with the immune body but is perhaps associated with phenomena incidental to red cell destruction and the presence of serum. The characteristic lowering of mobility by amboceptor occurs, however, from pH 4.0 to pH 7.4. The curves of mobility plotted against pH for normal and for immune sera support the viewpoint that the identity of the isoelectric points for normal and sensitized sheep cells is not primarily concerned with the immune reaction. It is most unlikely that an "albumin" or a "globulin" surface covers red cells with a complete protein film. Although serum protein reacts with red cells in acid solutions, this is not demonstrable for gelatin. The lowering of mobility usually ascribed to anti-sheep rabbit serum may also occur, but to a lesser degree, in normal rabbit serum. This diminution of mobility is not, in the first place, associated with sensitization to hemolysis induced by complement. This supports the view that only a very small part of the red cell surface need be changed in order to obtain complete hemolysis in the presence of complement.

scholarly journals A HEMOLYTIC SYSTEM ASSOCIATED WITH ENTERITIS IN RABBITS

1963 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Evans ◽  
Margaret Bingham ◽  
Russell S. Weiser
Keyword(s):  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Heat Labile

A disease characterized by frequent association of enteritis and polyagglutinable cells often develops in weanling rabbits. The red cell lesion renders the cells susceptible to agglutination and hemolysis in normal rabbit sera. The degree of red cell abnormality varies among different animals and disappears when the animals recover. The abnormality of the red cells responsible for their polyagglutinability and susceptibility to hemolysis was resistant to the action of trypsin or papain and persisted in heated stroma preparations derived from polyagglutinable cells. The factors necessary for agglutination and hemolysis of the polyagglutinable cells are present in normal rabbit sera but are lacking in the sera of affected rabbits. These factors returned to normal levels as the polyagglutinable cell lesion disappeared. The sera of rabbits with polyagglutinable cells contained normal levels of complement and properdin. Whereas the agglutinating factor in normal sera is heat-stable at 56°C for 30 minutes, the hemolytic factor is heat labile. The hemolytic factor is apparently distinct from complement and properdin since it was adsorbed from normal rabbit serum by zymosan or by polyagglutinable cells at 0°C. However, complement was fixed when normal rabbit serum was reacted with stroma from polyagglutinable cells. Hemolysis of polyagglutinable cells by normal rabbit serum at 25°C was inhibited by preliminary incubation of the mixture at 0°C prior to incubation at 25°C. Evidence was obtained which indicated that this inhibition was due to progression of a reaction involving Ca++ independent of a reaction involving Mg++.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ANTISERUM, ALONE AND WITH HYDROCORTISONE, ON FOETAL MOUSE BONES IN CULTURE

1965 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honor B. Fell ◽  
L. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Lysosomal Enzymes ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Indirect Action

1. The effects of normal rabbit serum and of rabbit antiserum to whole foetal mouse tissues, on the isolated limb bones of late foetal mice were studied in organ culture, and the influence of hydrocortisone on these effects was investigated. 2. Unheated normal serum caused slight loss of metachromatic material from the cartilage matrix, and some resorption of both cartilage and bone. 3. In unheated antiserum to foetal mouse tissues, the terminal cartilage was smaller and less metachromatic than in paired controls in normal serum, while osteoclasis was so intense that in many explants the bone had almost disappeared. The amount of necrosis varied with different batches of antiserum. 4. The changes produced by normal serum and antiserum could be largely prevented by heating the sera to 57°C for 45 minutes. 5. The effects could also be inhibited by the addition of hydrocortisone to the unheated sera; as little as 0.1 µg hydrocortisone per ml of medium had a well marked protective action. 6. It is suggested that (a) unheated antiserum causes a release of lysosomal enzymes with consequent breakdown of intercellular material, (b) this release is due to an indirect action on the lysosome via an increased permeability of the cell membrane, (c) hydrocortisone does not affect the antigen-antibody reaction, but inhibits the autolytic changes that normally follow this reaction, possibly by stabilising both the lysosomal and cell membranes.

scholarly journals IMMUNE RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO INJECTION OF PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI

1939 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monroe D. Eaton ◽  
L. T. Coggeshall
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Passive Protection ◽  
Normal Monkey ◽  
Protective Antibodies

Specific complement-fixing antibodies are produced in the serum of rabbits in response to injections of living or dead Plasmodium knowlesi. Sera from rabbits receiving injections of either parasitized or normal monkey erythrocytes are parasiticidal in vitro for P. knowlesi. Because absorption of parasiticidal rabbit sera with normal monkey erythrocytes abolishes the parasiticidal effect, it is concluded that the effect is largely due to an antibody to the red cells. Normal rabbit serum is not parasiticidal. Experiments on passive protection in monkey malaria with serum from rabbits which have received intraperitoneal injections of living or dead P. knowlesi yield no conclusive evidence that protective antibodies are formed.

scholarly journals Efflux of Red Cell Water into Buffered Hypertonic Solutions

1960 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin G. Olmstead
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Supernatant Fluid ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Cell Water ◽  
Hypertonic Solutions

Buffered NaCl solutions hypertonic to rabbit serum were prepared and freezing point depressions of each determined after dilution with measured amounts of water. Freezing point depression of these dilutions was a linear function of the amount of water added. One ml. of rabbit red cells was added to each 4 ml. of the hypertonic solutions and after incubation at 38°C. for 30 minutes the mixture was centrifuged and a freezing point depression determined on the supernatant fluid. The amount of water added to the hypertonic solutions by the red cells was calcuated from this freezing point depression. For each decrease in the freezing point of -0.093°C. of the surrounding solution red cells gave up approximately 5 ml. of water per 100 ml. of red cells in the range of -0.560 to -0.930°C. Beyond -0.930°C. the amount of water given up by 100 ml. of red cells fits best a parabolic equation. The maximum of this equation occurred at a freezing point of the hypertonic solution of -2.001°C. at which time the maximum amount of water leaving the red cells would be 39.9 ml. per 100 ml. of red cells. The data suggest that only about 43 per cent of the red cell water is available for exchange into solutions of increasing tonicity.

scholarly journals Red cell iron uptake in hereditary microcytic anemia

Blood ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Edwards ◽  
JE Hoke
Keyword(s):  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Microcytic Anemia ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cellular Iron ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Cellular Iron Uptake

The iron uptake in vitro of red cells from mice with hereditary microcytic anemia (gene symbol mk) was studied to examine the hypothesis of a generalized impairment of cellular iron uptake in this conidition. Reticulocyte-rich red cells from anemic (mk/mk) and acutely bled normal (+/+) mice were incubated in 59Fe-labeled mouse plasma and the radioiron uptake measured. The 59Fe uptake of the mk/mk and +/+ cells was related in the same way to the reticulocyte concentration, the duration of incubation, and the percentage saturation of the plasma iron-binding capacity. However, under the same conditions, the iron uptake of red cells from normal (+/+) mice was greater than that by red cells from anemic (mk/mk) mice. Furthermore, the cellular loss of radioiron on exposure to EDTA was greater for the mk/mk red cells, although the proportion of the radioiron taken up that was incorporated into heme was the same for mk/mk and +/+ red cells. These results support the hypothesis of a generalized impairment of cellular iron uptake in hereditary microcytic anemia and suggest that there might be a defect in red cell receptor sites for transferrin in this condition.

Nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurotransmitter of feline trachealis: VIP or nitric oxide?

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Fisher ◽  
J. W. Anderson ◽  
M. A. Waldron
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Electrical Field Stimulation ◽  
Isometric Tension ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Response Curves

We tested the hypothesis that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or nitric oxide (NO) is the nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitter in feline trachealis. Isometric tension was measured in trachealis (open or closed tracheal rings) in vitro. Propranolol (10 microM) and atropine (1 microM) were present throughout the experiment, and smooth muscle tone was increased to 60–90% maximal with 5-hydroxytryptamine. We used three methodologies to reduce the relaxation function of VIP, which in turn should reduce NANC-mediated relaxation. 1) The putative VIP antagonist peptide T (10 microM) did not affect VIP concentration-response curves or electrical field stimulation- (EFS) induced NANC responses. 2) Incubation of tissue in specific VIP antiserum (16 h at 4 degrees C) did not reduce EFS-induced NANC relaxations relative to tissue incubated in normal rabbit serum (P > 0.05). On the basis of our passive immunization techniques, it is not possible to absolutely reject VIP as the NANC transmitter. We speculate that nonspecific peptidases present in normal serum and VIP antiserum reduce EFS-induced responses similarly. 3) VIP desensitization, confirmed by a significant rightward shift (P < 0.01) in the VIP concentration-response curve, was achieved by exposing tissues (n = 11) to 1.0 microM VIP for 30 min. Desensitization did not reduce the EFS-induced NANC relaxatory response (P < 0.05) compared with control tissues, suggesting that VIP is not the NANC mediator.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE SPONTANEOUS ELUTION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS FROM RED CELLS

1954 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Sagik ◽  
Theodore Puck ◽  
Seymour Levine
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Area ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Virus Attachment ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
A Cell

Each chick and human red cell contains approximately 300 sites capable of attaching influenza virus particles. These correspond to an area representing approximately 2 per cent of the red cell surface. Although the rate of attachment of PR8 to red cells is not diffusion-limited, when calculated on the basis of the total cell area, it does approach the theoretical maximum for interaction between the virus and the fraction of the cell area known to contain attachment sites. It is demonstrated that the virus attachment can initiate a spreading disturbance on the red cell membrane which extends over an area far exceeding that covered by the attached virus and which leads to the destruction of receptor sites. This process does not involve cyclic virus attachment, elution from the cell, and reattachment to another site. Practically all the receptor sites on a cell are destroyed before any virus is liberated into the medium. The spontaneous elution of virus from red cells within 24 hours at 37° C. requires a threshold value of at least 3 and less than 5 virus particles per cell. Parallelisms between the spontaneous elution reaction and the phenomenon of lysis-from-without in the bacteriophage system are demonstrated.

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