Fermented Cream for Curd Fortified with Probiotic Cultures: Biotechnological Aspects

Introduction. Contemporary food industry strives to increase the production volume of high-quality and biologically complete protein products. The Foodnet market also raised the demand for functional foods in Russia. The research objective was to develop a new functional curd product fortified with probiotic microflora. Study objects and methods. The study featured cow’s milk, skimmed milk, cream, whey protein concentrate Milkiland-WPC 80, pollen, glutamine, starter cultures DVS Danisco Probat 576 and Howaru Bifido ARO-1, buckwheat flour, and oat flour. The experiment included physicochemical, sensory, biochemical, and microbiological methods. Results and discussion. The milk-protein base of the curd product was produced in a GEA Westfalia KDB 30 curd separator. The research involved 15 and 20% cream with two different starter cultures. In case of 15% cream, Probat 576 Howaru Bifido appeared to be 1.66 times more active than ARO-1 Howaru Bifido, in case of 20% cream the result was even higher – 1.73 times. Probat 576 also demonstrated a better active acidity, i.e. 5.5 after three hours, which was two hours faster than ARO-1. Mathematical modeling revealed the positive effect of buckwheat and oat flour on the cream fermentation process. Oat flour (5%) was the optimal prebiotic, while buckwheat flour added its color to the final product, thus spoiling its market quality. Conclusion. The new biotechnology for a curd product fortified with probiotic cultures can expand the range of functional products for sports diet.

Review of raw sources applicable for the development of plant-based products: Selection criteria for a balanced composition

Пищевые привычки и потребности в питательных веществах складываются на протяжении всей жизни человека под влиянием различных факторов, однако неоспоримым остается факт биологической потребности организма в незаменимых аминокислотах и как следствие - в доступных, полноценных белках. Поиск новых источников белка и развитие технологий его получения, воспроизводства, переработки, сбережения всегда в центре внимания пищевой промышленности. Потребность растущего населения Земли в доступных пищевых ресурсах, богатых полноценным белком, с каждым годом только возрастает. Выбор оптимальной формулы, способа переработки или сочетания композиции натуральных белков растительного происхождения, способных выступать в качестве возобновляемого источника незаменимых аминокислот, в целях полноценной замены белков животного происхождения, в частности молочных, в соответствии с принципами экономической целесообразности является основной движущей силой исследований и разработок. Актуальность обзора сырьевых источников и формирование критериев выбора растительного сырья с целью применения в моделях конструирования рецептур обоснованы стремительным ростом популярности продукции растительного происхождения. Безмолочные белковые напитки и десерты сформировали существенную потребительскую нишу, стали обязательной частью диеты современных потребителей не только комплементарно или в качестве перекуса, но и в качестве отдельного полноценного приема пищи, что формирует устойчивые привычки здорового пищевого поведения. Nutritional habits and needs for nutrients develop throughout a person's life under the influence of various factors, but the fact of the body's biological need for essential amino acids, and as a result, for accessible, complete proteins, remains undeniable. The search for new sources of protein and the development of technologies for its production, reproduction, processing, saving are always in the center of attention of the food industry. The demand of the growing world population for affordable food resources rich in complete protein only increases every year. The choice of the optimal formula, processing method or combination of a composition of natural proteins of plant origin, capable of acting as a renewable source of essential amino acids, in order to fully replace proteins of animal origin, and, in particular, dairy proteins, in accordance with the principles of economic feasibility, is the main driving force of research and development. The relevance of the review of raw materials and the formation of criteria for the selection of vegetable raw materials for the purpose of application in models for designing formulations is justified by the rapid growth in the popularity of products of vegetable origin. Dairy-free protein drinks and desserts have formed a significant consumer niche, have become an obligatory part of the diet of modern consumers, not only as a complementary or as a snack, but also as a separate full meal, which forms stable healthy eating habits.

Characterisation of chalcone isomerase gene isolated from Pueraria montana var.lobata plant

Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is well-known as an important enzyme in the biosynthetic pathways such as flavonoid, isoflavonoid, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. The enzyme was investigated in some kinds of plants in Fabaceae but no research was conducted about the CHI gene of Pueraria montana var. lobata (P. lobata) in Vietnam. In order to provide more information and characterisation of the gene, our study isolated the CHI gene by RT-PCR and Sangersequencing. The sequence of the CHIgene was analysed with nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences to find the main domains. A full-length CDS of CHI gene from P. lobata is 672 bp encoded 224 amino acids. By using bioinformatic tools to compare, the isolated gene shared 99.7% homology with the same species reference (code D63577.1). Two different nucleotides in the gene were altered the amino acids in the protein, but the differences have not happened in active sites. Additionally, the conserved amino acids related to active catalysis of a hydrogen bond network also appeared in the P. lobataCHI gene. SWISS-MODEL was used to build the complete protein modeling showing that P. lobataCHI protein was the most similar with CHI of Medicago sativa - was defined structure in which all alpha-helix and beta-helix were completelyhomologies.

Soaking time of lime solutions (Citrus aurantifolias) against the metal content reduction of cadmium in green shellfish (Perna viridis)

Indonesia has the potential for large marine and fisheries resources, reaching 23.26 million tons per year. Green shellfish (<em>Perna viridis</em>) are a source of animal protein that can be classified as Complete Protein because of its high levels of essential amino acids. These green shellfish are cheaper than other seafood products. However, heavy metals can be absorbed by shellfish, which is cadmium (Cd) which if consumed can accumulate in the body, cause health problems and lead to death. Therefore, research is needed to reduce cadmium levels in green shellfish, including using a lime solution (<em>Citrus aurantifolia).</em> This study was to determine the effectiveness of the soaking time of lime in reducing the cadmium levels in green shellfish. The research was an experimental with a pretest-posttest group design. Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney test was used to analyze data by SPSS. The results showed a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) that means the longer the soaking time, the longer the time for the citrate ions to react with metal cadmium, more cadmium is bound to the lime solution. It showed that soaking green shellfish with lime solution for 120 minutes was the most effective to reduce 73.77% of cadmium levels in green shellfish.

Molecular Evolutionary Analyses of Tooth Genes Support Sequential Loss of Enamel and Teeth in Baleen Whales (Mysticeti)

The loss of teeth and evolution of baleen racks in Mysticeti was a profound transformation that permitted baleen whales to radiate and diversify into a previously underutilized ecological niche of bulk filter-feeding on zooplankton and other small prey. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that teeth were lost in the common ancestor of crown Mysticeti. Genomic studies provide some support for this hypothesis and suggest that the genetic toolkit for enamel production was inactivated in the common ancestor of living baleen whales. However, molecular studies to date have not provided direct evidence for the complete loss of teeth, including their dentin component, on the stem mysticete branch. Given these results, several questions remain unanswered: (1) Were teeth lost in a single step or did enamel loss precede dentin loss? (2) Was enamel lost early or late on the stem mysticete branch? (3) If enamel and dentin/tooth loss were decoupled in the ancestry of baleen whales, did dentin loss occur on the stem mysticete branch or independently in different crown mysticete lineages? To address these outstanding questions, we compiled and analyzed complete protein-coding sequences for nine tooth-related genes from cetaceans with available genome data. Seven of these genes are associated with enamel formation (ACP4, AMBN, AMELX, AMTN, ENAM, KLK4, MMP20) whereas two other genes are either dentin-specific (DSPP) or tooth-specific (ODAPH) but not enamel-specific. Molecular evolutionary analyses indicate that all seven enamel-specific genes have inactivating mutations that are scattered across branches of the mysticete tree. Three of the enamel genes (ACP4, KLK4, MMP20) have inactivating mutations that are shared by all mysticetes. The two genes that are dentin-specific (DSPP) or tooth-specific (ODAPH) do not have any inactivating mutations that are shared by all mysticetes, but there are shared mutations in Balaenidae as well as in Plicogulae (Neobalaenidae + Balaenopteroidea). These shared mutations suggest that teeth were lost at most two times. Shared inactivating mutations and dN/dS analyses, in combination with cetacean divergence times, were used to estimate inactivation times of genes and by proxy enamel and tooth phenotypes. The results of these analyses are most compatible with a two-step model for the loss of teeth in the ancestry of living baleen whales: enamel was lost very early on the stem Mysticeti branch followed by the independent loss of dentin (and teeth) in the common ancestors of Balaenidae and Plicogulae, respectively. These results imply that some stem mysticetes, and even early crown mysticetes, may have had vestigial teeth comprised of dentin with no enamel. Our results also demonstrate that all odontocete species (in our study) with absent or degenerative enamel have inactivating mutations in one or more of their enamel genes.

Eating Patterns for Convalescents Following the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Presented in the paper are three eating patterns for convalescents following the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Eating pattern no. 1 involves an increased content of complete protein necessary for recovery of the immune system. Eating pattern no. 2 includes a higher content of carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids, i. e. a high energy value of the food intake, as well as a lower content of cooking salt. It enhances an anti-inflammatory effect while polyunsaturated fatty acids increase the number of T-cells, decrease the concentrations of TNF and BSF2. Eating pattern no. 3 is advisory for patients with dyspeptic disorders as a result of an acute infectious disease.

PSXIV-23 Polymorphism of the LCORL gene in the reindeer

Reindeer are one of the main representatives of the ecosystem of the Arctic zone and the only possible object of economic activity of the indigenous peoples of the polar regions of Russia. Reindeer meat is a valuable source of complete protein in the diet of the Evenks, Nenets, Yakuts and other peoples of the Far North. Four breeds of reindeer have been bred in Russia - Nenets, Evenk, Chukchi and Even. Evenk and Nenets are the most numerous. They live in different climatic zones and differ significantly in phenotypic characteristics (size and body weight). Populations of wild reindeer are also widespread. The problem of increasing the meat productivity of the main breeds of domesticated reindeer can be solved by searching for casual polymorphisms in candidate genes responsible for the growth and development of muscle tissue. Thus, polymorphism of the LCORL gene (mRNA ligand-dependent nuclear receptor of the corepressor type, which is a transcription factor) is associated with body weight and size in many mammals. We sequenced exon 7 of the LCORL gene and found seven SNPs, six of which are nonsynonymous and lead to a change in the amino acid composition of the protein. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of wild and mutant alleles in the three analyzed populations (wild reindeer, Nenets breed, Evenk breed), which indicates the presence of selection pressure on the LСORL gene region, and also indirectly confirms the significance of the polymorphism of this locus for phenotypic variability in height and size of the reindeer. Studies of associations of LCORL gene polymorphisms on live weight and growth in other animal species suggest that some of the found SNPs may be true causal quantitative trait loci (QTL) in domestic reindeer breeds. Project No. 0045-2021-0010.

Consumption of Cattle Hide Singed with Scrap Tyre is Detrimental to the Liver, Heart and Kidney of Rats

The presence of essential amino acids in meat makes it a complete protein, this makes meat a highly sort after source of protein in the human diet. The World’s demand for animal-derived protein has been projected to double by 2050. As a result there is a resultant increase in livestock industries to meet this demand. While meat is generally consumed as a source of protein, processed cattle hide popularly known as “Kanda” in southeastern Nigeria is consumed as a substitute for meat though it may not necessarily provide the same level of nutritional value with meat. The method of processing this food delicacy (Kanda) by singeing with scrap tyre or firewood has opened the door for heavy metal and or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) contamination, thereby putting unsuspecting consumers at health risk. This study therefore investigated the effects of consuming scrap tyre and firewood singed cattle hide on the kidney, liver and heart of male Wistar rats. The study took place for 21 days at the department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Owerri. 35 rats were divided into 7 groups of 5 each, allowed to acclimatize for 7 days and fed with the cattle hide processed with scrap tyre (group 1-3) and cattle hide processed with firewood (group 4-6) while group 7 which served as control was fed with normal standard rat pellet feed. It was observed that consuming these processed hides increased the marker enzymes for heart, kidney and liver damage like lactate dehydrogenase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase with groups that were fed with the hide singed with scrap tyre showing severe elevations. Consuming the singed Kanda also significantly decreased the serum concentrations of K+, Na+, Cl- , and significantly increased HCO3- and urea concentration. An examination of the organ tissues also revealed serious morphological changes. In conclusion, consuming singed Kanda had detrimental effects on the vital organs studied.

Biotechnological process for obtaining compositions of plant proteins with transglutaminase enzyme

В данной работе проведена оптимизация параметров биодеструкции мультибелковых полимеров горохового, рисового и овсяного сырья с подбором состава композиций для поступления полноценного белка в организм человека и расширения использования данного белкового продукта в производстве пищевых изделий. In this work, the optimization of the parameters of biodegradation of multi-protein polymers of pea, rice and oat raw materials is carried out with the selection of the composition of the compositions for the intake of complete protein in the human body and the expansion of the use of this protein product in the manufacture of food products.