Regulation by Ca2+ and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (Insp3) of Single Recombinant Type 3 Insp3 Receptor Channels

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptor (InsP3R) is an endoplasmic reticulum–localized Ca2+-release channel that controls complex cytoplasmic Ca2+ signaling in many cell types. At least three InsP3Rs encoded by different genes have been identified in mammalian cells, with different primary sequences, subcellular locations, variable ratios of expression, and heteromultimer formation. To examine regulation of channel gating of the type 3 isoform, recombinant rat type 3 InsP3R (r-InsP3R-3) was expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and single-channel recordings were obtained by patch-clamp electrophysiology of the outer nuclear membrane. Gating of the r-InsP3R-3 exhibited a biphasic dependence on cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). In the presence of 0.5 mM cytoplasmic free ATP, r-InsP3R-3 gating was inhibited by high [Ca2+]i with features similar to those of the endogenous Xenopus type 1 InsP3R (X-InsP3R-1). Ca2+ inhibition of channel gating had an inhibitory Hill coefficient of ∼3 and half-maximal inhibiting [Ca2+]i (Kinh) = 39 μM under saturating (10 μM) cytoplasmic InsP3 concentrations ([InsP3]). At [InsP3] < 100 nM, the r-InsP3R-3 became more sensitive to Ca2+ inhibition, with the InsP3 concentration dependence of Kinh described by a half-maximal [InsP3] of 55 nM and a Hill coefficient of ∼4. InsP3 activated the type 3 channel by tuning the efficacy of Ca2+ to inhibit it, by a mechanism similar to that observed for the type 1 isoform. In contrast, the r-InsP3R-3 channel was uniquely distinguished from the X-InsP3R-1 channel by its enhanced Ca2+ sensitivity of activation (half-maximal activating [Ca2+]i of 77 nM instead of 190 nM) and lack of cooperativity between Ca2+ activation sites (activating Hill coefficient of 1 instead of 2). These differences endow the InsP3R-3 with high gain InsP3–induced Ca2+ release and low gain Ca2+–induced Ca2+ release properties complementary to those of InsP3R-1. Thus, distinct Ca2+ signals may be conferred by complementary Ca2+ activation properties of different InsP3R isoforms.

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Location of the Permeation Pathway in the Recombinant Type 1 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor

The Journal of General Physiology ◽

10.1085/jgp.114.2.243 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 114 (2) ◽

pp. 243-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Josefina Ramos-Franco ◽

Daniel Galvan ◽

Gregory A. Mignery ◽

Michael Fill

Keyword(s):

Lipid Bilayers ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Single Channel ◽

Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽

Recombinant Type ◽

Mutation Strategy ◽

Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate ◽

Trisphosphate Receptor ◽

Permeation Properties

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) forms ligand-regulated intracellular Ca2+ release channels in the endoplasmic reticulum of all mammalian cells. The InsP3R has been suggested to have six transmembrane regions (TMRs) near its carboxyl terminus. A TMR-deletion mutation strategy was applied to define the location of the InsP3R pore. Mutant InsP3Rs were expressed in COS-1 cells and single channel function was defined in planar lipid bilayers. Mutants having the fifth and sixth TMR (and the interceding lumenal loop), but missing all other TMRs, formed channels with permeation properties similar to wild-type channels (gCs = 284; gCa = 60 pS; PCa/PCs = 6.3). These mutant channels bound InsP3, but ligand occupancy did not regulate the constitutively open pore (Po > 0.80). We propose that a region of 191 amino acids (including the fifth and sixth TMR, residues 2398–2589) near the COOH terminus of the protein forms the InsP3R pore. Further, we have produced a constitutively open InsP3R pore mutant that is ideal for future site-directed mutagenesis studies of the structure–function relationships that define Ca2+ permeation through the InsP3R channel.

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Spontaneous Channel Activity of the Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (InsP3) Receptor (InsP3R). Application of Allosteric Modeling to Calcium and InsP3 Regulation of InsP3R Single-channel Gating

The Journal of General Physiology ◽

10.1085/jgp.200308809 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 122 (5) ◽

pp. 583-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Don-On Daniel Mak ◽

Sean M.J. McBride ◽

J. Kevin Foskett

Keyword(s):

Binding Sites ◽

Single Channel ◽

Channel Gating ◽

Quantitative Prediction ◽

Open Probability ◽

Release Channel ◽

Gating Mechanism ◽

Inhibitory Site ◽

Type 3

The InsP3R Ca2+ release channel has a biphasic dependence on cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). InsP3 activates gating primarily by reducing the sensitivity of the channel to inhibition by high [Ca2+]i. To determine if relieving Ca2+ inhibition is sufficient for channel activation, we examined single-channel activities in low [Ca2+]i in the absence of InsP3, by patch clamping isolated Xenopus oocyte nuclei. For both endogenous Xenopus type 1 and recombinant rat type 3 InsP3R channels, spontaneous InsP3-independent channel activities with low open probability Po (∼0.03) were observed in [Ca2+]i < 5 nM with the same frequency as in the presence of InsP3, whereas no activities were observed in 25 nM Ca2+. These results establish the half-maximal inhibitory [Ca2+]i of the channel to be 1.2–4.0 nM in the absence of InsP3, and demonstrate that the channel can be active when all of its ligand-binding sites (including InsP3) are unoccupied. In the simplest allosteric model that fits all observations in nuclear patch-clamp studies of [Ca2+]i and InsP3 regulation of steady-state channel gating behavior of types 1 and 3 InsP3R isoforms, including spontaneous InsP3-independent channel activities, the tetrameric channel can adopt six different conformations, the equilibria among which are controlled by two inhibitory and one activating Ca2+-binding and one InsP3-binding sites in a manner outlined in the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model. InsP3 binding activates gating by affecting the Ca2+ affinities of the high-affinity inhibitory sites in different conformations, transforming it into an activating site. Ca2+ inhibition of InsP3-liganded channels is mediated by an InsP3-independent low-affinity inhibitory site. The model also suggests that besides the ligand-regulated gating mechanism, the channel has a ligand-independent gating mechanism responsible for maximum channel Po being less than unity. The validity of this model was established by its successful quantitative prediction of channel behavior after it had been exposed to ultra-low bath [Ca2+].

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Atp Regulation of Recombinant Type 3 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Gating

The Journal of General Physiology ◽

10.1085/jgp.117.5.447 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 117 (5) ◽

pp. 447-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Don-On Daniel Mak ◽

Sean McBride ◽

J. Kevin Foskett

Keyword(s):

Free Acid ◽

Second Messengers ◽

Hill Coefficient ◽

Open Probability ◽

Isoform Diversity ◽

Recombinant Type ◽

Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate ◽

Patch Clamp Electrophysiology ◽

Type 3

A family of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptor (InsP3R) Ca2+ release channels plays a central role in Ca2+ signaling in most cells, but functional correlates of isoform diversity are unclear. Patch-clamp electrophysiology of endogenous type 1 (X-InsP3R-1) and recombinant rat type 3 InsP3R (r-InsP3R-3) channels in the outer membrane of isolated Xenopus oocyte nuclei indicated that enhanced affinity and reduced cooperativity of Ca2+ activation sites of the InsP3-liganded type 3 channel distinguished the two isoforms. Because Ca2+ activation of type 1 channel was the target of regulation by cytoplasmic ATP free acid concentration ([ATP]i), here we studied the effects of [ATP]i on the dependence of r-InsP3R-3 gating on cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). As [ATP]i was increased from 0 to 0.5 mM, maximum r-InsP3R-3 channel open probability (Po) remained unchanged, whereas the half-maximal activating [Ca2+]i and activation Hill coefficient both decreased continuously, from 800 to 77 nM and from 1.6 to 1, respectively, and the half-maximal inhibitory [Ca2+]i was reduced from 115 to 39 μM. These effects were largely due to effects of ATP on the mean closed channel duration. Whereas the r-InsP3R-3 had a substantially higher Po than X-InsP3R-1 in activating [Ca2+]i (<1 μM) and 0.5 mM ATP, the Ca2+ dependencies of channel gating of the two isoforms became remarkably similar in the absence of ATP. Our results suggest that ATP binding is responsible for conferring distinct gating properties on the two InsP3R channel isoforms. Possible molecular models to account for the distinct regulation by ATP of the Ca2+ activation properties of the two channel isoforms and the physiological implications of these results are discussed. Complex regulation by ATP of the types 1 and 3 InsP3R channel activities may enable cells to generate sophisticated patterns of Ca2+ signals with cytoplasmic ATP as one of the second messengers.

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Permeant calcium ion feed-through regulation of single inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor channel gating

The Journal of General Physiology ◽

10.1085/jgp.201210804 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 140 (6) ◽

pp. 697-716 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Horia Vais ◽

J. Kevin Foskett ◽

Ghanim Ullah ◽

John E. Pearson ◽

Don-On Daniel Mak

Keyword(s):

Posttranslational Modifications ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Channel Gating ◽

Channel Activity ◽

Release Channel ◽

Solution Exchange ◽

Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate ◽

Direct Binding ◽

Trisphosphate Receptor ◽

Type 3

The ubiquitous inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptor (InsP3R) Ca2+ release channel plays a central role in the generation and modulation of intracellular Ca2+ signals, and is intricately regulated by multiple mechanisms including cytoplasmic ligand (InsP3, free Ca2+, free ATP4−) binding, posttranslational modifications, and interactions with cytoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins. However, regulation of InsP3R channel activity by free Ca2+ in the ER lumen ([Ca2+]ER) remains poorly understood because of limitations of Ca2+ flux measurements and imaging techniques. Here, we used nuclear patch-clamp experiments in excised luminal-side-out configuration with perfusion solution exchange to study the effects of [Ca2+]ER on homotetrameric rat type 3 InsP3R channel activity. In optimal [Ca2+]i and subsaturating [InsP3], jumps of [Ca2+]ER from 70 nM to 300 µM reduced channel activity significantly. This inhibition was abrogated by saturating InsP3 but restored when [Ca2+]ER was raised to 1.1 mM. In suboptimal [Ca2+]i, jumps of [Ca2+]ER (70 nM to 300 µM) enhanced channel activity. Thus, [Ca2+]ER effects on channel activity exhibited a biphasic dependence on [Ca2+]i. In addition, the effect of high [Ca2+]ER was attenuated when a voltage was applied to oppose Ca2+ flux through the channel. These observations can be accounted for by Ca2+ flux driven through the open InsP3R channel by [Ca2+]ER, raising local [Ca2+]i around the channel to regulate its activity through its cytoplasmic regulatory Ca2+-binding sites. Importantly, [Ca2+]ER regulation of InsP3R channel activity depended on cytoplasmic Ca2+-buffering conditions: it was more pronounced when [Ca2+]i was weakly buffered but completely abolished in strong Ca2+-buffering conditions. With strong cytoplasmic buffering and Ca2+ flux sufficiently reduced by applied voltage, both activation and inhibition of InsP3R channel gating by physiological levels of [Ca2+]ER were completely abolished. Collectively, these results rule out Ca2+ regulation of channel activity by direct binding to the luminal aspect of the channel.

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Role of Amino-terminal Half of the S4-S5 Linker in Type 1 Ryanodine Receptor (RyR1) Channel Gating

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1074/jbc.m111.255240 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 286 (41) ◽

pp. 35571-35577 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Takashi Murayama ◽

Nagomi Kurebayashi ◽

Toshiharu Oba ◽

Hideto Oyamada ◽

Katsuji Oguchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ryanodine Receptor ◽

Single Channel ◽

Signal Transmission ◽

Channel Gating ◽

Helical Structure ◽

Release Channel ◽

Amino Terminal ◽

Molecular Events

The type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) is a Ca2+ release channel found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle and plays a pivotal role in excitation-contraction coupling. The RyR1 channel is activated by a conformational change of the dihydropyridine receptor upon depolarization of the transverse tubule, or by Ca2+ itself, i.e. Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). The molecular events transmitting such signals to the ion gate of the channel are unknown. The S4-S5 linker, a cytosolic loop connecting the S4 and S5 transmembrane segments in six-transmembrane type channels, forms an α-helical structure and mediates signal transmission in a wide variety of channels. To address the role of the S4-S5 linker in RyR1 channel gating, we performed alanine substitution scan of N-terminal half of the putative S4-S5 linker (Thr4825–Ser4829) that exhibits high helix probability. The mutant RyR1 was expressed in HEK cells, and CICR activity was investigated by caffeine-induced Ca2+ release, single-channel current recordings, and [3H]ryanodine binding. Four mutants (T4825A, I4826A, S4828A, and S4829A) had reduced CICR activity without changing Ca2+ sensitivity, whereas the L4827A mutant formed a constitutive active channel. T4825I, a disease-associated mutation for malignant hyperthermia, exhibited enhanced CICR activity. An α-helical wheel representation of the N-terminal S4-S5 linker provides a rational explanation to the observed activities of the mutants. These results suggest that N-terminal half of the S4-S5 linker may form an α-helical structure and play an important role in RyR1 channel gating.

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Single-Channel Properties in Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane of Recombinant Type 3 Inositol Trisphosphate Receptor

The Journal of General Physiology ◽

10.1085/jgp.115.3.241 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 115 (3) ◽

pp. 241-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Don-On Daniel Mak ◽

Sean McBride ◽

Viswanathan Raghuram ◽

Yun Yue ◽

Suresh K. Joseph ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Single Channel ◽

Calcium Influx ◽

Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane ◽

Release Channel ◽

Cellular Expression ◽

Recombinant Type ◽

Specific Regulation ◽

Trisphosphate Receptor ◽

Type 3

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is an intracellular Ca2+-release channel localized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with a central role in complex Ca2+ signaling in most cell types. A family of InsP3Rs encoded by several genes has been identified with different primary sequences, subcellular locations, variable ratios of expression, and heteromultimer formation. This diversity suggests that cells require distinct InsP3Rs, but the functional correlates of this diversity are largely unknown. Lacking are single-channel recordings of the recombinant type 3 receptor (InsP3R-3), a widely expressed isoform also implicated in plasma membrane Ca2+ influx and apoptosis. Here, we describe functional expression and single-channel recording of recombinant rat InsP3R-3 in its native membrane environment. The approach we describe suggests a novel strategy for expression and recording of recombinant ER-localized ion channels in the ER membrane. Ion permeation and channel gating properties of the rat InsP3R-3 are strikingly similar to those of Xenopus type 1 InsP3R in the same membrane. Using two different two-electrode voltage clamp protocols to examine calcium store-operated calcium influx, no difference in the magnitude of calcium influx was observed in oocytes injected with rat InsP3R-3 cRNA compared with control oocytes. Our results suggest that if cellular expression of multiple InsP3R isoforms is a mechanism to modify the temporal and spatial features of [Ca2+]i signals, then it must be achieved by isoform-specific regulation or localization of various types of InsP3Rs that have relatively similar Ca2+ permeation properties.

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Atp-Dependent Adenophostin Activation of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Channel Gating

The Journal of General Physiology ◽

10.1085/jgp.117.4.299 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 117 (4) ◽

pp. 299-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Don-On Daniel Mak ◽

Sean McBride ◽

J. Kevin Foskett

Keyword(s):

Single Channel ◽

Free Acid ◽

Channel Gating ◽

Xenopus Laevis Oocyte ◽

Open Probability ◽

Release Channel ◽

Gating Kinetics ◽

Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

In Cells

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptor (InsP3R) is a ligand-gated intracellular Ca2+ release channel that plays a central role in modulating cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The fungal metabolite adenophostin A (AdA) is a potent agonist of the InsP3R that is structurally different from InsP3 and elicits distinct calcium signals in cells. We have investigated the effects of AdA and its analogues on single-channel activities of the InsP3R in the outer membrane of isolated Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei. InsP3R activated by either AdA or InsP3 have identical channel conductance properties. Furthermore, AdA, like InsP3, activates the channel by tuning Ca2+ inhibition of gating. However, gating of the AdA-liganded InsP3R has a critical dependence on cytoplasmic ATP free acid concentration not observed for InsP3-liganded channels. Channel gating activated by AdA is indistinguishable from that elicited by InsP3 in the presence of 0.5 mM ATP, although the functional affinity of the channel is 60-fold higher for AdA. However, in the absence of ATP, gating kinetics of AdA-liganded InsP3R were very different. Channel open time was reduced by 50%, resulting in substantially lower maximum open probability than channels activated by AdA in the presence of ATP, or by InsP3 in the presence or absence of ATP. Also, the higher functional affinity of InsP3R for AdA than for InsP3 is nearly abolished in the absence of ATP. Low affinity AdA analogues furanophostin and ribophostin activated InsP3R channels with gating properties similar to those of AdA. These results provide novel insights for interpretations of observed effects of AdA on calcium signaling, including the mechanisms that determine the durations of elementary Ca2+ release events in cells. Comparisons of single-channel gating kinetics of the InsP3R activated by InsP3, AdA, and its analogues also identify molecular elements in InsP3R ligands that contribute to binding and activation of channel gating.

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Calpain-cleaved Type 1 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor (InsP3R1) Has InsP3-independent Gating and Disrupts Intracellular Ca2+ Homeostasis

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1074/jbc.m111.254177 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 286 (41) ◽

pp. 35998-36010 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Catherine M. Kopil ◽

Horia Vais ◽

King-Ho Cheung ◽

Adam P. Siebert ◽

Don-On Daniel Mak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Channel ◽

Open Probability ◽

Release Channel ◽

Terminal Fragment ◽

Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate ◽

Intracellular Ca ◽

Functional Consequences ◽

Carboxyl Terminal ◽

Trisphosphate Receptor

The type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R1) is a ubiquitous intracellular Ca2+ release channel that is vital to intracellular Ca2+ signaling. InsP3R1 is a proteolytic target of calpain, which cleaves the channel to form a 95-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment that includes the transmembrane domains, which contain the ion pore. However, the functional consequences of calpain proteolysis on channel behavior and Ca2+ homeostasis are unknown. In the present study we have identified a unique calpain cleavage site in InsP3R1 and utilized a recombinant truncated form of the channel (capn-InsP3R1) corresponding to the stable, carboxyl-terminal fragment to examine the functional consequences of channel proteolysis. Single-channel recordings of capn-InsP3R1 revealed InsP3-independent gating and high open probability (Po) under optimal cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) conditions. However, some [Ca2+]i regulation of the cleaved channel remained, with a lower Po in suboptimal and inhibitory [Ca2+]i. Expression of capn-InsP3R1 in N2a cells reduced the Ca2+ content of ionomycin-releasable intracellular stores and decreased endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ loading compared with control cells expressing full-length InsP3R1. Using a cleavage-specific antibody, we identified calpain-cleaved InsP3R1 in selectively vulnerable cerebellar Purkinje neurons after in vivo cardiac arrest. These findings indicate that calpain proteolysis of InsP3R1 generates a dysregulated channel that disrupts cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that calpain cleaves InsP3R1 in a clinically relevant injury model, suggesting that Ca2+ leak through the proteolyzed channel may act as a feed-forward mechanism to enhance cell death.

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