scholarly journals TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR METABOLISM OF CHLORELLA

1934 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Crozier ◽  
P. S. Tang ◽  
C. S. French
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Temperature Characteristics ◽  
Cent Glucose ◽  
Normal Respiration ◽  
External Glucose

The temperature characteristic for the rate of O2 consumption by Chlorella pyrenoidosa suspended in Knop solution containing 1 per cent glucose was studied between 1° and 27°C. with the Warburg technic. The value of µ was found to be about 19,000 ±1,000 cal. There is some indication of a critical temperature at 20°C., with shift to a lower µ above this temperature. The effect of sudden changes in temperature on the rate of respiration and the variation of the latter with time at constant temperatures are discussed. It is concluded that the "normal" respiration (in absence of external glucose) does not appear in the determination of this temperature characteristic.

scholarly journals TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR PULSATION FREQUENCY IN GONIONEMUS

1928 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
Nerve Ring ◽  
Pulsation Frequency ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Characteristics ◽  
System A ◽  
Definite Temperature

The frequency of contraction of the bell of Gonionemus was studied in relation to temperature, with intact animals and also where different operations were made on the nervous system. A number of values of µ are found for intact animals namely 8,100±, 10,500±, 32,000± and 22,500±, with critical temperatures at 9.6°, 12.3°, and 14.0°. Four different classes of operations were used: (1) Animals where the nerve ring was cut on two opposite sides of the bell; the µ values found are 10,500± and 21,300±, with a critical temperature at 13.4°. (2) Animals with four cuts through the nerve ring gave µ = 10,600 ± and µ = 21,000, with a critical temperature at 13.1°. (3) In animals where the bell was cut in half the temperature characteristic was found to be 16,900. And finally (4) in the animals where the nerve ring was totally removed µ values of 8,100, 16,000±, and 29,000 were found, with critical temperatures at 15.0° and 9.4°. These results are discussed from the standpoint of the theory which supposes that definite "temperature characteristics" may be associated with the functional activity of particular elements in a complex functional unit, and that these elements may be separately studied and identified by suitable experimental procedures involving the magnitudes of the respective temperature characteristics and the locations of associated critical temperatures. The swimming bell of medusæ with its marginal sense organs permits a fairly direct approach to such questions. It is found that even slight injuries to the marginal nerve ring, for example, produce specific modifications in the temperature relations which are different from those appearing when the organism is cut in half.

scholarly journals ON THE TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR FREQUENCY OF BREATHING MOVEMENTS IN INBRED STRAINS OF MICE AND IN THEIR HYBRID OFFSPRING. I

1931 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Pincus
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Temperature Characteristics ◽  
A Value ◽  
Inbred Strains Of Mice ◽  
Biological Reality ◽  
Albino Strain ◽  
Young Mice

Young mice of a selected line of the dilute brown strain of mice exhibit over the range 15–25°C. (body temperature) a relation of frequency of breathing movements to temperature such that when fitted by the Arrhenius equation the data give a value for the constant µ of 24,000± calories or, less frequently, 28,000±. Young mice of an inbred albino strain show over the range 15–20°C. a value of µ = 34,000±, or, less frequently, 14,000±, with a critical temperature at about 20°C. and a value of µ = 14,000± above 20°C. The F1 hybrids of these two strains, and the backcross generations to either parent strain, exhibit only those four values of the temperature characteristic observed in the parent strains and none other. One may therefore speak of the inheritance of the value of the constant µ, but the inheritance shows in this instance no Mendelian behavior. Furthermore there appears to be inherited the occurrence (or absence) of a critical temperature at 20°C. These experiments indicate the "biological reality" of the temperature characteristics.

scholarly journals TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF GERMINATING SEEDS OF LUPINUS ALBUS AND ZEA MAYS

1931 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Sung Tang
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
Temperature Characteristics ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Germinating Seeds

The rate of oxygen consumption by germinating seeds of Lupinus albus and of Zea mays was studied as a function of temperature (7–26°C.). The Warburg manometer technique was used, with slight modifications. Above and below a critical temperature at 19.5°C. the temperature characteristic for oxygen consumption by Lupinus albus was found to be µ = 11,700± and 16,600 respectively. The same critical temperature was encountered in the case of Zea mays, with temperature characteristics µ = 13,100± above and µ = 21,050 below that temperature.

scholarly journals TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CO2 BY GERMINATING SEEDS OF LUPINUS ALBUS AND ZEA MAYS

1931 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Sung Tang
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Temperature Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Germinating Seeds

The rates of production of CO2 by germinating seeds of Lupinus albus and Zea mays were studied between temperatures 12.5° and 25°C. with the HCl-Ba(OH)2 titration method. The temperature characteristics found are different from those previously obtained for the oxygen consumption of the same seeds germinated in the same manner. For Lupinus, the temperature characteristics above and below the critical temperature of 20° are 16,100 ± and 24,000 ± calories respectively. For Zea, no evidence of a critical temperature was found in this region, and the temperature characteristic is 20,750 ± calories throughout the range of temperature tested. The possible interpretations of the difference in the values of temperature characteristics for oxygen consumption and for production of CO2 are noted.

Disposal of blood [1-13C]lactate in humans during rest and exercise

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Mazzeo ◽  
G. A. Brooks ◽  
D. A. Schoeller ◽  
T. F. Budinger
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Lactate Oxidation ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Lactate Levels

Lactate irreversible disposal (RiLa) and oxidation (RoxLa) rates were studied in six male subjects during rest (Re), easy exercise [EE, 140 min of cycling at 50% of maximum O2 consumption (VO2max)] and hard exercise (HE, 65 min at 75% VO2max). Twenty minutes into each condition, subjects received a Na+-L(+)-[1–13C]lactate intravenous bolus injection. Blood was sampled intermittently from the contralateral arm for metabolite levels, acid-base status, and enrichment of 13C in lactate. Expired air was monitored continuously for determination of respiratory parameters, and aliquots were collected for determination of 13C enrichment in CO2. Steady-rate values for O2 consumption (VO2) were 0.33 +/- 0.01, 2.11 +/- 0.03, and 3.10 +/- 0.03 l/min for Re, EE, and HE, respectively. Corresponding values of blood lactate levels were 0.84 +/- 0.01, 1.33 +/- 0.05, and 4.75 +/- 0.28 mM in the three conditions. Blood lactate disposal rates were significantly correlated to VO2 (r = 0.78), averaging 123.4 +/- 20.7, 245.5 +/- 40.3, and 316.2 +/- 53.7 mg X kg-1 X h-1 during Re, EE, and HE, respectively. Lactate oxidation rate was also linearly related to VO2 (r = 0.81), and the percentage of RiLa oxidized increased from 49.3% at rest to 87.0% during exercise. A curvilinear relationship was found between RiLa and blood lactate concentration. It was concluded that, in humans, 1) lactate disposal (turnover) rate is directly related to the metabolic rate, 2) oxidation is the major fate of lactate removal during exercise, and 3) blood lactate concentration is not an accurate indicator of lactate disposal and oxidation.

scholarly journals PULSATION FREQUENCY OF THE ADVISCERAL AND ABVISCERAL HEART BEATS OF CIONA INTESTINALIS IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE

1932 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Arrhenius Equation ◽  
Ciona Intestinalis ◽  
Pulsation Frequency ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Characteristics ◽  
Metabolic Condition ◽  
Controlling Processes

The frequency of pulsation of the heart of Ciona intestinalis increases with temperature in both advisceral and abvisceral direction, according to the Arrhenius equation. The increase in pulsation is the same in both directions. The following µ values were obtained: 8,000–, 12,000+, 16,000, in several combinations, with critical temperatures at 10°, 15°, and 20°C. The values found are comparable with earlier findings for activity of the heart in different animals. This quantitative correspondence suggests anew the conception that temperature characteristics may be employed for recognition of controlling processes. The fact that the µ's and the critical temperature are the same for advisceral and abvisceral beats, indicates that the general metabolic condition of the two ends of the heart is the same in any one individual.

Experimental Study on Temperature External-Characteristics of Ni-Mn-Ga Shape Memory Alloy

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 1232-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhi Cai
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Deformation Rate ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Temperature Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
External Characteristics

Temperature characteristics are essential to reasonable application of Ni-Mn-Ga alloy. This paper reports an experiment equipment which is used as the research of variable temperature effect. The relationship between deformation rate and temperature is studied. Dynamic and static experiments are done. The results show that critical temperature is around 40°C. It can be predicted that thermo-elasticity and magnetically-controlled characteristics will disappear with the increase of temperature.

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