Protection in Germany: A History of German Fiscal Policy during the Nineteenth Century. William HarbuttProtection in Canada and Australasia. C. H. ChomleyProtection in France. H. O. MeredithProtection in the United States: A Study of the Origin and Growth of the American Tariff System and Its Economic and Social Influences. A. Maurice Low

This chapter briefly describes the history of religious institutes in the United States. It first covers the demographics—the overall numbers and the ethnic and socioeconomic composition—of the various institutes during the nineteenth century. It next discusses the types of ministries the sisters, brothers, and religious order priests engaged in, and the sources of vocations to their institutes. The second section covers changes in religious institutes after 1950, covering the factors which contributed to the changes as well as their impact on the institutes themselves and the larger Church. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of the subsequent chapters.

History of Research in Developmental Psychology

The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Vol. 1 ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958450.013.0002 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 12-34

Author(s):

W. Andrew Collins ◽

Willard W. Hartup

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

Public Policy ◽

Experimental Psychology ◽

Developmental Psychology ◽

The United States ◽

Psychological Development ◽

First Century ◽

History Of Research ◽

History Of

This chapter summarizes the emergence and prominent features of a science of psychological development. Pioneering researchers established laboratories in Europe in the mid-nineteenth century to examine the significance of successive changes in the organism with the passage of time. American psychologists, many of whom had studied in the European laboratories, subsequently inaugurated similar efforts in the United States. Scientific theories and methods in the fledgling field were fostered by developments in experimental psychology, but also in physiology, embryology, ethology, and sociology. Moreover, organized efforts to provide information about development to parents, educators, and public policy specialists further propagated support for developmental science. The evolution of the field in its first century has provided a substantial platform for future developmental research.

Introduction

Intimations of Modernity ◽

10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631301.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Louis A. Pérez

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

The United States ◽

National Liberation ◽

Historical Knowledge ◽

Historical Literature ◽

History Of

The character of the history of Cuba was fixed early in the nineteenth century, at the about moment that Cubans imagined the need for a proper history of their own. From that time forward, historical knowledge of Cuba has hewed to a well-defined narrative arc, one shaped discursively around the formation of nation, something of a chronicle of national liberation given principally to the celebration of collective resolve and commemoration of individual valor. Much of the historical literature has been given to the heroic, an account of a people to whom is ascribed indomitable will confronting adversaries possessed of unyielding determination, from which are derived two principal narrative subsets of struggle: against colonialism (Spain) and against imperialism (the United States)....

Introduction

Monuments to Absence ◽

10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630830.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrew Denson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

Supreme Court ◽

The United States ◽

National Government ◽

National Council ◽

Cherokee Nation ◽

The West ◽

Historic Site ◽

History Of

This book began with tourism. In the summer of 1994, a friend and I drove from Bloomington, Indiana, where I attended graduate school, to Florida for a short vacation. As we sped along Interstate 75 through northern Georgia, I spotted a brown roadside sign announcing that, at the next exit, we would find New Echota, a state historic site interpreting the history of the Cherokee Nation. For a brief time in the early nineteenth century, New Echota was the Cherokee capital, the seat of the national government created by tribal leaders in the 1820s. The Cherokee National Council met at New Echota in the years prior to removal, and it was the site of the Cherokee Supreme Court. During a time when the United States and the state of Georgia pressured Cherokees to emigrate to the West, the new capital represented the Cherokees’ determination to remain in their homeland. It was also the place where, in late 1835, a small group of tribal leaders signed the treaty under which the United States forced the Cherokee Nation to remove. I had recently become interested in the history of Cherokee sovereignty and nationhood, and I concluded that I should prob ably know about this heritage attraction. We pulled off the highway and followed the signs to the site....

A (Very Selective) Early History of Ballet in America

Ballet Class ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190908683.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 3-24

Author(s):

Melissa R. Klapper

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

Young People ◽

World War I ◽

The United States ◽

Early History ◽

World War ◽

Ballet Dancers ◽

Metropolitan Opera ◽

History Of

Ballet developed slowly in the United States and depended on European dancers and teachers at first, but by mid-nineteenth century a few American-trained ballet dancers were beginning to make their mark. The opening of the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School in 1909 and the tours of Anna Pavlova contributed greatly to popularizing ballet and inspiring young people to begin taking ballet class before World War I. Expansion continued from the 1920s through the 1940s with the founding of the School of American Ballet and the performances of the various Ballet Russe companies in every corner of the country. The Littlefield sisters and Christensen brothers helped make ballet American by establishing important homegrown ballet companies with primarily American dancers. The regional ballet movement fostered further growth. All these developments in professional ballet encouraged ever-increasing numbers of Americans not only to enjoy performances but also to take ballet class themselves.

History of Testing in the United States: PK–12 Education

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science ◽

10.1177/0002716219839682 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 683 (1) ◽

pp. 22-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maris A. Vinovskis

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

No Child Left Behind ◽

Federal Government ◽

The United States ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

National Education ◽

The Past ◽

History Of ◽

K 12

This article provides a brief history of K–12 education testing in the United States from colonial America to the present. In early America, students were examined orally. After the mid-nineteenth century, written tests replaced oral presentations. In the late nineteenth century, graded schools gradually replaced the single-teacher, one-room schools. In the beginning of the twentieth century, standardized intelligence tests were increasingly used to categorize and promote students. State departments of education have played a larger role in local school funding and policies in the past hundred years. Since the 1960s, the federal government has expanded its involvement in national education while also promoting the role of states. During the past three decades, the federal government and states increased the use of high-stakes national testing with initiatives such as America 2000, Goals 2000, No Child Left Behind, and Every Student Succeeds.

The Mediaeval Cultural Heritage of the Mid-European Area

The Review of Politics ◽

10.1017/s0034670500009815 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 487-507

Author(s):

Francis Dvornik

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

Cultural Heritage ◽

Middle Ages ◽

The United States ◽

Political Order ◽

The West ◽

European Area ◽

National Leaders ◽

History Of

Interest in Slavic and mid-European studies,* so long neglected, is growing considerably in the United States. Unfortunately it concentrates mostly on modern history. In Slavic studies, too much time is often devoted to the history of Russia since the Revolution, and to the analysis of the new social and political order established in that country under the influence of non-Slavic social ideas which had originated in the West, and especially in Germany (K. Marx and Lasalle) in the nineteenth century. The earlier evolution of Russia, other Slav nations, and their mid-European neighbors, is still undeservedly neglected. It is a mistake. In the Middle Ages, the Slavic nations, the Hungarians, and the Rumanians played a prominent role in the civilizing of Europe. The memories of their glorious past helped the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Bulgars, Magyars, Rumanians and also the small Albanian nation to survive the difficult period of oppression by foreign rulers and inspired their national leaders in their fight for independence and freedom.

Kenrick and the Paulists: A Conflict of Structures and Personalities

Church History ◽

10.2307/3163650 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 88-105

Author(s):

John P. Marschall

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

Native American ◽

Native Americans ◽

Catholic Church ◽

The United States ◽

Oxford Movement ◽

Religious Congregation ◽

History Of ◽

The Catholic Church

In spite of the nativism that agitated the United States during the second quarter of the nineteenth century, the Catholic Church experienced a noticeable drift of native American converts from other denominations. Between 1841 and 1857 the increased number of converts included a significant sprinkling of Protestant ministers. The history of this movement, which had its paradigm in the Oxford Movement, will be treated more in detail elsewhere. The purpose of this essay is simply to recount the attempt by several converts to establish a religious congregation of men dedicated to the Catholic apostolate among native Americans.

Physics Textbooks and Textbook Physics in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696253.013.22 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Josep Simon

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

Science Education ◽

History Of Science ◽

The United States ◽

History Of Physics ◽

Recent Scholarship ◽

German States ◽

History Of ◽

Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

This article focuses on physics textbooks and textbook physics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with particular emphasis on developments in France, Germany, Britain, and the United States. It first examines the role that physics textbooks played in the early stages of the professionalization of the history of science before presenting a general overview of the genesis of textbook physics in the nineteenth century. It also looks at major textbooks produced in France and the German states while making some reference to British and American textbooks. Finally, it considers recent scholarship dealing with textbooks in the history of physics. The article shows how our views on textbooks have been shaped by events that have established particular hierarchies between scientific research and science education, and between universities and schools. It argues that the study of textbooks would benefit from greater reflexivity.