The lack of a sufficient amount of anatomical material in Ukrainian medical universities has led to the fact that medical students have to work with the bodies of long-dead people whose condition is of a low educational value. Therefore, animal organs are becoming increasingly important in teaching anatomical disciplines. For example, when studying the eyeball at the department of human anatomy, a bull's eye is used; organs of pigs and rats (larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, etc.) are used for the purpose of comparative anatomy. Working with the heart of animals, students can learn to suture wounds of the heart using various surgical techniques, perform mitral commissurotomy. To put various types of liver sutures and to perform on liver resection at practical classes, pork or beef liver can be successfully used. Isolated stomach and intestines are indispensable for developing skills of surgical interventions on the hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract. When studying a human skeleton, it is very helpful to use mock-ups that were obtained using a 3D printer that arouses the interest of students and increases the effectiveness of practical training. In the absence of anatomical material, medical students use the latest computer technology that allows them to study the human body in three dimensions. However, technical means make it possible to obtain only visual information, ignoring the volumetric and spatial characteristics of the objects under study that is their considerable drawback.
Comparative Anatomy for Medical Students
