scholarly journals Sustainability evaluation of essential critical raw materials: cobalt, niobium, tungsten and rare earth elements

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (20) ◽  
pp. 203001 ◽  
Author(s):  
A H Tkaczyk ◽  
A Bartl ◽  
A Amato ◽  
V Lapkovskis ◽  
M Petranikova
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sustainability Evaluation ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

scholarly journals The significance of energy consumption in environmental impact of rare earth elements recovery from tailings and mining waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 02011
Author(s):  
Karolina Kossakowska ◽  
Katarzyna Grzesik
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Lca Results ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are identified as critical raw materials for the European Union economy. REEs are not currently produced in the EU, while there are several sources not properly addressed. Within the ENVIREE project tailings from New Kankberg (Sweden) and Covas (Portugal) were identified as rich in REEs and chosen for recovery processing. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was used to evaluate the environmental impact of REEs recovery. The aim of this study is the detailed analysis of several scenarios with different electricity production schemes of REE recovery. The study discusses the share of energy use in the overall impact on the environment, taking into account diversification in the electricity production structure among EU countries. The energy use is a significant contributor to the overall environmental impact of studied cases. Its share in the total environmental burden is reaching up to 47%. The results show that applying the average electricity scheme production for Europe may lead to biased LCA results. For the accurate LCA results the local production schemes of energy for certain countries should be chosen.

scholarly journals Carbonatites and Alkaline Igneous Rocks in Post-Collisional Settings: Storehouses of Rare Earth Elements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Goodenough ◽  
Eimear A. Deady ◽  
Charles D. Beard ◽  
Sam Broom-Fendley ◽  
Holly A. L. Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

AbstractThe rare earth elements (REE) are critical raw materials for much of modern technology, particularly renewable energy infrastructure and electric vehicles that are vital for the energy transition. Many of the world’s largest REE deposits occur in alkaline rocks and carbonatites, which are found in intracontinental, rift-related settings, and also in syn- to post-collisional settings. Post-collisional settings host significant REE deposits, such as those of the Mianning-Dechang belt in China. This paper reviews REE mineralisation in syn- to post-collisional alkaline-carbonatite complexes worldwide, in order to demonstrate some of the key physical and chemical features of these deposits. We use three examples, in Scotland, Namibia, and Turkey, to illustrate the structure of these systems. We review published geochemical data and use these to build up a broad model for the REE mineral system in post-collisional alkaline-carbonatite complexes. It is evident that immiscibility of carbonate-rich magmas and fluids plays an important part in generating mineralisation in these settings, with REE, Ba and F partitioning into the carbonate-rich phase. The most significant REE mineralisation in post-collisional alkaline-carbonatite complexes occurs in shallow-level, carbothermal or carbonatite intrusions, but deeper carbonatite bodies and associated alteration zones may also have REE enrichment.

Red mud as secondary source for critical raw materials - purification of rare earth elements by liquid/liquid extraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 2683-2690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Ujaczki ◽  
Yannick Zimmermann ◽  
Christoph Gasser ◽  
Mónika Molnár ◽  
Viktória Feigl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

scholarly journals Critical Minerals from Post-Processing Tailing. A Case Study from Bangka Island, Indonesia

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Karol Zglinicki ◽  
Krzysztof Szamałek ◽  
Stanisław Wołkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Heavy Rare Earth Elements ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

The growing demand for critical raw materials (rare earth elements—REE, Nb, Ta, and others) enforces a need to look for their alternative sources. Distortions of the mineral supply chain caused by COVID-19 have necessitated a re-evaluation of what exists as mining waste from previous exploitation. Consequently, this study aims to provide an inventory of raw materials on the Indonesian Tin Islands (Bangka and Belitung). Geological and mineralogical examinations on Bangka have permitted an economic appraisal of tailings from the processing of cassiterite-bearing sands and confirmed the presence of REE-bearing minerals, chiefly monazite and xenotime, zircon, ilmenite, rutile, niobium-tantalum phases. In general, the mineral content of the tailings varies depending on the sampling site and the type of processing used during ore-production. ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometers) analyses revealed anomalous concentrations of LREE (light rare earth elements): La > 5%, Ce > 5%, Pr > 1%, Nd > 1%, Sm > 1% and HREE+Y (heavy rare earth elements and yttrium) up to 2.51 wt%. High values have been found for the “most critical” metals of the HREE group: Dy (up to 0.34 wt%), Tb (up to 0.08 wt%), Eu (up to 61.8 ppm), Nd (>1.0 wt%), and Y (up to 1.20 wt%). In addition, the following contents have been defined: Ga (to 0.03 wt%); Hf (to 0.64 wt%); Ta (to 0.08 wt%); Nb (to 0.23 wt%); W (to 0.14 wt%); Zr (>5.0 wt%); and Sc (to 0.01 wt%). Such high concentrations suggest the tailing dumps to be a potential new source of “critical raw materials”.

Environmental Technologies to Treat Rare Earth Elements Pollution: Principles and Engineering

2022 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Soils And Sediments ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
Environmental Technologies ◽  
Modern Technologies ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Rare earth elements (REE) have applications in various modern technologies, e.g., semiconductors, mobile phones, magnets. They are categorized as critical raw materials due to their strategic importance in economies and high risks associated with their supply chain. Therefore, more sustainable practices for efficient extraction and recovery of REE from secondary sources are being developed. This book, Environmental Technologies to Treat Rare Earth Elements Pollution: Principles and Engineering: presents the fundamentals of the (bio)geochemical cycles of rare earth elements and which imbalances in these cycles result in pollution.overviews physical, chemical and biological technologies for successful treatment of water, air, soils and sediments contaminated with different rare earth elements.explores the recovery of value-added products from waste streams laden with rare earth elements, including nanoparticles and quantum dots. This book is suited for teaching and research purposes as well as professional reference for those working on rare earth elements. In addition, the information provided in this book is helpful to scientists, researchers and practitioners in related fields, such as those working on metal/metalloid microbe interaction and sustainable green approaches for resource recovery from wastes. ISBN: 9781789062229 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789062236 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789062243 (ePUB)

Sorption of Uranium and Rare-Earth Elements to Remove Radioactive Impurities in the Processing of Phosphate-containing Raw Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-483
Author(s):  
D. A. Elatontsev ◽  
A. P. Mukhachev ◽  
Yu. F. Korovin ◽  
N. D. Voloshin
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Raw Materials

scholarly journals Prospects and possibilities of using ash and slag wastes of power enterprises of Primorsky Krai as technogenic mineral raw materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 03024
Author(s):  
Sergei Ivannikov ◽  
Evgeniy Shamrai ◽  
Andrey Taskin ◽  
Aleksandr Yudakov
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Magnetic Fraction ◽  
Primorsky Krai ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials ◽  
Separate Mineral

The results of an investigation of ash and slag wastes (ASW) of enterprises of the energy sector of Primorsky Krai are presented. The averaged contents of the main elements and mineral complexes in Primorsky Krai are given. It is shown that the mineral composition of the ASW data makes it possible to separate the primary raw materials into fractions with different compositions. A scheme is proposed for dividing the initial ash extractors into separate mineral fractions by the particle size and by their physical properties. The predominant concentration of gold, platinum, rare earth elements (REE) and a number of other valuable components in the heavy non-magnetic fraction isolated from the primary ASW was detected. Almost complete absence of gold, noble metals and REE in underburning of coal, magnetic and micro-dispersed fractions of ASW has been demonstrated. A device was offered for complex processing of ash and slag wastes of enterprises of the power industry of Primorsky Krai, which makes it possible to divide the initial ASW into mineral fractions, being raw materials for various industries.

scholarly journals Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Phospho-Gypsum: Concentrate Digestion, Leaching, and Purification

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Brückner ◽  
Tobias Elwert ◽  
Thomas Schirmer
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Leach Solution ◽  
Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Process Route ◽  
Cooperative Project ◽  
The Rare Earth

Rare earth-bearing gypsum tailings from the fertilizer industry are a potential source for an economically viable and sustainable production of rare earth elements. Large quantities are generated inter alia in Catalão, Brazil, as a by-product in a fertilizer production plant. Hitherto, the gypsum has been used as soil conditioner in agriculture or was dumped. The cooperative project, “Catalão Monazite: Economical exploitation of rare earth elements from monazite-bearing secondary raw materials,” intends to extract rare earth elements from these gypsum tailings. In this paper, a chemical process route to obtain a mixed rare earth carbonate from a monazite concentrate, was investigated. The results of the digestion, leaching, and precipitation experiments are presented and discussed herein. This includes reagent choice, process parameter optimization through experimental design, mineralogical characterization of the feed material and residues, purification of the leach solution, and precipitation of the rare earth as carbonates. The results showed that a rare earth extraction of about 90% without the mobilization of key impurities is possible during a sulfuric acid digestion with two heating stages and subsequent leaching with water. In the following purification step, the remaining impurities were precipitated with ammonium solution and the rare earth elements were successfully recovered as carbonates with a mixture of ammonium solution and ammonium bicarbonate.

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