scholarly journals QCD at finite chemical potential in and out-of equilibrium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Soloveva ◽  
Pierre Moreau ◽  
Elena Bratkovskaya

Abstract We review the transport properties of the strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies, i.e. out-of equilibrium, and compare them to the equilibrium properties. The description of the strongly interacting (non-perturbative) QGP in equilibrium is based on the effective propagators and couplings from the Dynamical QuasiParticle Model (DQPM) that is matched to reproduce the equation-of-state of the partonic system above the deconfinement temperature $T_c$ from lattice QCD. We study the transport coefficients such as the ratio of shear viscosity and bulk viscosity over entropy density, diffusion coefficients, electric conductivity etc. versus temperature and baryon chemical potential. Based on a microscopic transport description of heavy-ion collisions we, furthermore, discuss which observables are sensitive to the QGP formation and its properties.

Particles ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Soloveva ◽  
P. Moreau ◽  
L. Oliva ◽  
V. Voronyuk ◽  
V. Kireyeu ◽  
...  

We study the influence of the baryon chemical potential μ B on the properties of the Quark–Gluon–Plasma (QGP) in and out-of equilibrium. The description of the QGP in equilibrium is based on the effective propagators and couplings from the Dynamical QuasiParticle Model (DQPM) that is matched to reproduce the equation-of-state of the partonic system above the deconfinement temperature T c from lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). We study the transport coefficients such as the ratio of shear viscosity η and bulk viscosity ζ over entropy density s, i.e., η / s and ζ / s in the ( T , μ ) plane and compare to other model results available at μ B = 0 . The out-of equilibrium study of the QGP is performed within the Parton–Hadron–String Dynamics (PHSD) transport approach extended in the partonic sector by explicitly calculating the total and differential partonic scattering cross sections based on the DQPM and the evaluated at actual temperature T and baryon chemical potential μ B in each individual space-time cell where partonic scattering takes place. The traces of their μ B dependences are investigated in different observables for symmetric Au + Au and asymmetric Cu + Au collisions such as rapidity and m T -distributions and directed and elliptic flow coefficients v 1 , v 2 in the energy range 7.7 GeV ≤ s N N ≤ 200 GeV.


2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 1350051 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. SRIVASTAVA ◽  
C. P. SINGH

Search for a proper and realistic equation of state (EOS) for strongly interacting matter used in the study of the QCD phase diagram still appears as a challenging problem. Recently, we constructed a hybrid model description for the quark–gluon plasma (QGP) as well as hadron gas (HG) phases where we used an excluded volume model for HG and a thermodynamically consistent quasiparticle model for the QGP phase. The hybrid model suitably describes the recent lattice results of various thermodynamical as well as transport properties of the QCD matter at zero baryon chemical potential (μB). In this paper, we extend our investigations further in obtaining the properties of QCD matter at finite value of μB and compare our results with the most recent results of lattice QCD calculation.


Author(s):  
Amaresh Jaiswal ◽  
Najmul Haque ◽  
Aman Abhishek ◽  
Raktim Abir ◽  
Aritra Bandyopadhyay ◽  
...  

In this article, there are 18 sections discussing various current topics in the field of relativistic heavy-ion collisions and related phenomena, which will serve as a snapshot of the current state of the art. Section 1 reviews experimental results of some recent light-flavored particle production data from ALICE collaboration. Other sections are mostly theoretical in nature. Very strong but transient magnetic field created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions could have important observational consequences. This has generated a lot of theoretical activity in the last decade. Sections 2, 7, 9, 10 and 11 deal with the effects of the magnetic field on the properties of the QCD matter. More specifically, Sec. 2 discusses mass of [Formula: see text] in the linear sigma model coupled to quarks at zero temperature. In Sec. 7, one-loop calculation of the anisotropic pressure are discussed in the presence of strong magnetic field. In Sec. 9, chiral transition and chiral susceptibility in the NJL model is discussed for a chirally imbalanced plasma in the presence of magnetic field using a Wigner function approach. Sections 10 discusses electrical conductivity and Hall conductivity of hot and dense hadron gas within Boltzmann approach and Sec. 11 deals with electrical resistivity of quark matter in presence of magnetic field. There are several unanswered questions about the QCD phase diagram. Sections 3, 11 and 18 discuss various aspects of the QCD phase diagram and phase transitions. Recent years have witnessed interesting developments in foundational aspects of hydrodynamics and their application to heavy-ion collisions. Sections 12 and 15–17 of this article probe some aspects of this exciting field. In Sec. 12, analytical solutions of viscous Landau hydrodynamics in 1+1D are discussed. Section 15 deals with derivation of hydrodynamics from effective covariant kinetic theory. Sections 16 and 17 discuss hydrodynamics with spin and analytical hydrodynamic attractors, respectively. Transport coefficients together with their temperature- and density-dependence are essential inputs in hydrodynamical calculations. Sections 5, 8 and 14 deal with calculation/estimation of various transport coefficients (shear and bulk viscosity, thermal conductivity, relaxation times, etc.) of quark matter and hadronic matter. Sections 4, 6 and 13 deal with interesting new developments in the field. Section 4 discusses color dipole gluon distribution function at small transverse momentum in the form of a series of Bells polynomials. Section 6 discusses the properties of Higgs boson in the quark–gluon plasma using Higgs–quark interaction and calculate the Higgs decays into quark and anti-quark, which shows a dominant on-shell contribution in the bottom-quark channel. Section 13 discusses modification of coalescence model to incorporate viscous corrections and application of this model to study hadron production from a dissipative quark–gluon plasma.


2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niseem Magdy ◽  
Sumit Basu ◽  
Victor Gonzalez ◽  
Ana Marin ◽  
Olga Evdokimov ◽  
...  

AbstractTwo-particle transverse momentum correlation functions are a powerful technique for understanding the dynamics of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Among these, the transverse momentum correlator $$G_{2}\left( \varDelta \eta ,\varDelta \varphi \right) $$ G 2 Δ η , Δ φ is of particular interest for its potential sensitivity to the shear viscosity per unit of entropy density $$\eta /s$$ η / s of the quark-gluon plasma formed in heavy-ion collisions. We use the UrQMD, AMPT, and EPOS models for Au–Au at $$\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$$ s NN = 200 GeV and Pb–Pb at $$\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$$ s NN = 2760 GeV to investigate the long range azimuthal dependence of $$G_{2}\left( \varDelta \eta ,\varDelta \varphi \right) $$ G 2 Δ η , Δ φ , and explore its utility to constrain $$\eta /s$$ η / s based on charged particle correlations. We find that the three models yield quantitatively distinct transverse momentum Fourier harmonics coefficients $$a^{p_\mathrm{T}}_{n}$$ a n p T . We also observe these coefficients exhibit a significant dependence on $$\eta /s$$ η / s in the context of the AMPT model. These observations suggest that exhaustive measurements of the dependence of $$G_{2}\left( \varDelta \varphi \right) $$ G 2 Δ φ with collision energy, system size, collision centrality, in particular, offer the potential to distinguish between different theoretical models and their underlying assumptions. Exhaustive analyses of $$G_{2}\left( \varDelta \varphi \right) $$ G 2 Δ φ obtained in large and small systems should also be instrumental in establishing new constraints for precise extraction of $$\eta /s$$ η / s .


2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Niida ◽  
Y. Miake

AbstractThe progress over the 30 years since the first high-energy heavy-ion collisions at the BNL-AGS and CERN-SPS has been truly remarkable. Rigorous experimental and theoretical studies have revealed a new state of the matter in heavy-ion collisions, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Many signatures supporting the formation of the QGP have been reported. Among them are jet quenching, the non-viscous flow, direct photons, and Debye screening effects. In this article, selected signatures of the QGP observed at RHIC and the LHC are reviewed.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Tiwari ◽  
C. P. Singh

The current status of various thermal and statistical descriptions of particle production in the ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions experiments is presented in detail. We discuss the formulation of various types of thermal models of a hot and dense hadron gas (HG) and the methods incorporated in the implementing of the interactions between hadrons. It includes our new excluded-volume model which is thermodynamically consistent. The results of the above models together with the experimental results for various ratios of the produced hadrons are compared. We derive some new universal conditions emerging at the chemical freeze-out of HG fireball showing independence with respect to the energy as well as the structure of the nuclei used in the collision. Further, we calculate various transport properties of HG such as the ratio of shear viscosity-to-entropy using our thermal model and compare with the results of other models. We also show the rapidity as well as transverse mass spectra of various hadrons in the thermal HG model in order to outline the presence of flow in the fluid formed in the collision. The purpose of this review article is to organize and summarize the experimental data obtained in various experiments with heavy-ion collisions and then to examine and analyze them using thermal models so that a firm conclusion regarding the formation of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) can be obtained.


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