scholarly journals Determination of adjusted range corrections measured by electro-optical systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 2131 (2) ◽  
pp. 022048
Author(s):  
V I Kushtin ◽  
A N Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Signal Delay ◽  
Atmospheric Models ◽  
Ellipsoidal Model ◽  
Wave Path ◽  
Measured Line ◽  
Different Characteristics

Abstract Electromagnetic radiation used to determine ranges passes through media with different characteristics that affect the electromagnetic waves propagation speed and, accordingly, the accuracy of distance determination. The problem of the radio signal delay due to the influence of the atmosphere is an urgent problem, the solution of which is currently limited mainly to the calculation of range corrections using various atmospheric models. Depending on the required accuracy, the length of the measured line, the range of zenith distances, the availability of information about the state of the atmosphere, a flat, spherical, ellipsoidal model of atmospheres is used to determine the range corrections. In view of the fact that the parameters of the atmosphere characterizing its state along the electromagnetic wave path at the time of measurement, as a rule, are unknown, it becomes necessary to apply one or another hypothesis about the distribution of atmospheric parameters with height. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of determining corrections to the measured ranges from the known parameters of the atmosphere only at the initial and final points of the electromagnetic waves’ trajectory.

scholarly journals A Mathematical Approach to the Determination of the Propagation Speed of a Radio Signal

2020 ◽  
pp. 284-288
Author(s):  
Igor P. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Electromagnetic Pulse ◽  
Radio Signal ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
Velocity Difference

When determining the speed of a wave electromagnetic pulse, the source with the clock is fixedly set at the coordinate x0 = 0 of the coordinate system associated with it. At time t0 it emits a wave electromagnetic pulse. The receiver approaches the source with velocity v. The device clock, synchronized with the source clock, is set fixedly relative to the source at the coordinate x2. It registers the receiver passing through this coordinate at time t0. The device clock, synchronized with the clock source, is set fixedly relative to the source at the coordinate x1. It records both the receiver and pulse passing through this coordinate at time t1. According to the data of motionless observers, the speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum is composed of the tabular velocity of electromagnetic waves and the velocity difference of the source and receiver

scholarly journals Extension of an extraction method for the determination of 305 organic compounds in clay-loam soil to soils of different characteristics

MethodsX ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 101476
Author(s):  
Andrea Acosta-Dacal ◽  
Cristian Rial-Berriel ◽  
Ricardo Díaz-Día ◽  
María del Mar Bernal-Suárez ◽  
Manuel Zumbado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Different Characteristics

scholarly journals Study of Road Landscape Design at Portal Space of Small Towns in Guanzhong#

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanhua Hou ◽  
Wenhui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Land Use Intensity ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
Influence Mechanism ◽  
Different Characteristics

To further study the effects of public service facilities on the land use intensity at regulatory planning level and enhance the scientific determination of land use intensity, this paper expounds the influence mechanism and factors of the public service facilities on land use intensity in regulatory planning, and conducts quantitative evaluation of the influence factors through theoretical analysis, mathematical analysis and analytic hierarchy process etc. The results show that the influence mechanism of public service facilities on the land use intensity goes throughout all three levels of regulatory planning. Different characteristics of public service facilities on each level determine their different influence factors and take effect on the land use intensity index of the corresponding level, thus affecting the determination of the block floor area ratio. Based on this, this paper proposes a method to determine the land use intensity in regulatory planning under the restriction of public service facilities and completes the test in practice, which may provide a reference for determining the land use intensity in regulatory planning.

Determination of the velocity of short electromagnetic waves by interferometry

1952 ◽  
Vol 213 (1112) ◽  
pp. 123-141 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Velocity ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Wave Beam ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Wave Frequency ◽  
Space Wave

A new measurement of the velocity of electromagnetic radiation is described. The result has been obtained, using micro-waves at a frequency of 24005 Mc/s ( λ = 1∙25 cm), with a form of interferometer which enables the free-space wave-length to be evaluated. Since the micro-wave frequency can also be ascertained, phase velocity is calculated from the product of frequency and wave-length. The most important aspect of the experiment is the application to the measured wave-length of a correction which arises from diffraction of the micro-wave beam. This correction is new to interferometry and is discussed in detail. The result obtained for the velocity, reduced to vacuum conditions, is c 0 = 299792∙6 ± 0∙7 km/s.

CALCULATED DETERMINATION OF PRE-HEATING PARAMETERS FOR WELDING POLYETHYLENE PIPES FOR GAS PIPELINES AT LOW AIR TEMPERATURES.

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
I. Tarabukin
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Weld Seam ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Regulatory Documents ◽  
Polyethylene Pipes ◽  
Heated Air ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Different Characteristics

According to regulatory documents, welding can be performed at ambient temperatures from minus 15 ° C to plus 45 ° C. When laying gas pipelines at a lower outside temperature, it is necessary to organize their heating to the required temperature. In this case, the temperature of the heated air should not be more than plus 60 ° C. If you start working with a polyethylene (PE) pipe at low temperatures, then the PE pipe will have completely different characteristics. The weld seam may not be reliable.

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