The influence of palm kernel shell mass ratio as a reducing agent in the lateritic nickel ore carbothermic reduction process

This paper pertains to the reduction process of local low grade iron ore using palm kernel shell (PKS). It is well known that low grade iron ores contain high amount of gangue minerals and combined water. Biomass waste (aka agro-residues) from the palm oil industry is an attractive alternative fuel to replace coal as the source of energy in mineral processing, including for the treatment and processing of low grade iron ores. Both iron ore and PKS were mixed with minute addition of distilled water and then fabricated with average spherical diameter of 10-12mm. The green composite pellets were subjected to reduction test using an electric tube furnace. The rate of reduction increased as temperature increases up to 900 °C. The Fe content in the original ore increased almost 12% when 40 mass% of PKS was used. The reduction of 60:40 mass ratios of iron ore to PKS composite pellet produced almost 11.97 mass% of solid carbon which was dispersed uniformly on the surface of iron oxide. The aim of this work is to study carbon deposition of PKS in iron ore through reduction process. Utilization of carbon deposited in low grade iron ore is an interesting method for iron making process as this solid carbon can act as energy source in the reduction process.

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Solar Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Using Palm Kernel Shell Biomass

JOM ◽

10.1007/s11837-020-04297-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 72 (10) ◽

pp. 3410-3421

Author(s):

Agung Setiawan ◽

Matthew Shaw ◽

Aaron Torpy ◽

Mark I. Pownceby ◽

Sri Harjanto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbothermic Reduction ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Palm Kernel Shell

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Selective Reduction of Southeast Sulawesi Nickel Laterite using Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal: Kinetic Studies with Addition of Na2SO4 and NaCl as Additives

BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING AND CATALYSIS ◽

10.9767/bcrec.15.2.7733.501-513 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 501-513 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Achmad Shofi ◽

Yayat Iman Supriyatna ◽

Agus Budi Prasetyo

Keyword(s):

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Selective Reduction ◽

Reduction Process ◽

Kinetic Studies ◽

Exothermic Peak ◽

Raw Material ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Isothermal Reduction

The aim of the reduction process is to concentrate nickel at high temperatures with a certain carbonaceous material as a reducing agent. The use of chemicals like Na2SO4 and NaCl in the reduction process can increase the content and recovery of nickel in ferronickel concentrates. A selective reduction of laterite nickel was carried out in a non-isothermal and an isothermal using palm kernel shell charcoal as a reductant and with Na2SO4 and NaCl as additives. Firstly, the raw material is made into a pellet and dried in an oven at 100 °C for two hours. The pellets are weighed before and after the reduction process. The non-isothermal reduction process used the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) method from a temperature of 100 to 1300 °C, with a heat rate of 10 °C per minute. The isothermal reduction at temperatures 500, 600, 700, 950, 1050, and 1150 °C occurred with a reduction time of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The analysis is Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) to determine the content of nickel and iron from the reduction process, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to see changes in the phases formed after the selective reduction process, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX) for viewing the microstructure of the phase. The Differential Thermal Analyzer-Temperature Gravimetric Analysis (DTA-TGA) results show the endothermic at 256 °C, and the exothermic peak at 935 °C with a total mass loss of 42.15% at 1238 °C. The shrinking core model was used for the kinetic studies of the reduction process. The closest kinetic model to the experimental results is the Ginstling-Brounshtein model, with an activation energy value of 8.73 kcal/mol. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

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Effect of Adding Biomass from Palm Kernel Shell on Phase Transformation and Microstructure during Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite

International Journal of Technology ◽

10.14716/ijtech.v12i6.5232 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1139

Author(s):

Cynta Immanuela Lamandasa ◽

Agung Setiawan ◽

Sri Harjanto ◽

M. Akbar Rhamdhani

Keyword(s):

Phase Transformation ◽

Carbothermic Reduction ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Palm Kernel Shell

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Kinetics and Mechanisms of Carbothermic Reduction of Weathered Ilmenite Using Palm Kernel Shell Biomass

Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy ◽

10.1007/s40831-021-00457-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Agung Setiawan ◽

Muhammad Akbar Rhamdhani ◽

Mark I. Pownceby ◽

Nathan A. S. Webster ◽

Sri Harjanto

Keyword(s):

Carbothermic Reduction ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Palm Kernel Shell

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Effect of Temperature in Carbothermic Reduction of Indonesian Limonite Ore Using Printed Circuit Boards as Reducing Agent

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1009.155 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1009 ◽

pp. 155-161

Author(s):

Reza Miftahul Ulum ◽

Andy Kurnia Wicaksana ◽

Faizinal Abidin

Keyword(s):

Carbothermic Reduction ◽

Printed Circuit Boards ◽

Printed Circuit Board ◽

Electronic Waste ◽

Reduction Process ◽

Exothermic Peak ◽

Reducing Agent ◽

Circuit Board ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Printed Circuit

In recent years, there have been increases in the production of electronic waste, such as Printed Circuit Board (PCB), because of the rapid advancement of technology. PCBs are highly valuable, as they contain metals such as copper, silver, and gold. This research aims to investigate the feasibility of using PCB, discarded from laptops as the reducing agent for the carbothermic reduction process of Indonesian limonite ore and the effect of temperature on the carbothermic reduction process, specifically on the phase transformation and the differences in microstructure. Based on the TGA-DSC result, the mixture of limonite and PCB have three endothermic peaks at 90 °C, 290 °C, 450 °C and one exothermic peak at 910 °C, whereas the mixture of limonite and coal has the same trends but the exothermic peak occurs at 1070 °C. To investigate the effect of PCB powder on the reduction of limonite ore, a carbothermic reduction experiment was carried out through the mixing of 8.0 g of limonite ore with 2.0 g of PCB powder (20 wt.%), which was then further compacted. The experiment was carried out at temperature variations of 700 °C, 900 °C, 1100 °C for 1 hour in an inert atmosphere furnace. The products of the reduction process were magnetically separated and then characterized using SEM/EDS and XRD to evaluate the differences in microstructure. This research found that PCB powder is a feasible reducing agent for the reduction of limonite ore.

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