scholarly journals Determination the phase contact surface size of nitric acid with ammonia neutralization process for the ammonium nitrate production

2021 ◽  
Vol 815 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
I U Sakharov ◽  
A F Makhotkin ◽  
U N Sakharov ◽  
I A Makhotkin
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Contact Surface ◽  
Phase Contact ◽  
Nitrate Production ◽  
Neutralization Process

scholarly journals Research of nitric acid solutions neutralization process with ammonia on the model of a periodic action apparatus

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 110-113
Author(s):  
Ilia Yu. Sakharov ◽  
◽  
Alexsey F. Makhotkin ◽  
Yury Yu. Sakharov ◽  
Igor A. Makhotkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Diffusion Process ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Contact Surface ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Periodic Action ◽  
Nitric Acid Solutions ◽  
Ammonia Absorption ◽  
Neutralization Process ◽  
Action Apparatus

Research of nitric acid aqueous solution neutralization process with ammonia gas were performed on model of a periodic action apparatus. This model is implemented on a fundamentally new laboratory unit for analyzing the process of absorption in a gas-liquid system and includes a measuring tank containing selected gas, which is installed vertically and a measuring container with selected liquid, which is connected to the measuring gas container from below. During the process, the numerical values of the piston position are fixed according to the measured time scale and the kinetic curves of the process are constructed, these curves are processed using known algorithms and a conclusion is made about the physicochemical (kinetic and diffusion) process parameters. Investigations have shown that the process of nitric acid aqueous solutions neutralization with ammonia practically does not depend on the concentration of nitric acid in the liquid phase and is directly proportional to the concentration of ammonia in the gas phase. Analysis of the kinetic curves, taking into account the fact that the chemical reaction between ammonia and nitric acid proceeds almost instantly, allows us to make an assumption about the mechanism of ammonia absorption by aqueous solutions of nitric acid - as a diffusion process, the limiting stage of which is the diffusion of ammonia in a thin film of gas at the phase contact surface. At the same time, growth of the phases contact surface area and the rate increase of surface renewal are the main tasks for intensifying the process. A method is proposed to intensify the process of ammonia absorption by nitric acid solutions based on using vortex apparatus with a high degree of gas turbulization and a rapid renewal of the phases contact surface.

scholarly journals Overview of the LADCO winter nitrate study: hourly ammonia, nitric acid and PM<sub>2.5</sub> composition at an urban and rural site pair during PM<sub>2.5</sub> episodes in the US Great Lakes region

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 11037-11056 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Stanier ◽  
A. Singh ◽  
W. Adamski ◽  
J. Baek ◽  
M. Caughey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Nitrate Production ◽  
The Us

Abstract. An overview of the LADCO (Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium) Winter Nitrate Study (WNS) is presented. Sampling was conducted at ground level at an urban-rural pair of sites during January–March 2009 in eastern Wisconsin, toward the western edge of the US Great Lakes region. Areas surrounding these sites experience multiday episodes of wintertime PM2.5 pollution characterized by high fractions of ammonium nitrate in PM, low wind speeds, and air mass stagnation. Hourly surface monitoring of inorganic gases and aerosols supplemented long-term 24-h aerosol chemistry monitoring at these locations. The urban site (Milwaukee, WI) experienced 13 PM2.5 episodes, defined as periods where the seven-hour moving average PM2.5 concentration exceeded 27 μg m−3 for at least four consecutive hours. The rural site experienced seven episodes by the same metric, and all rural episodes coincided with urban episodes. Episodes were characterized by low pressure systems, shallow/stable boundary layer, light winds, and increased temperature and relative humidity relative to climatological mean conditions. They often occurred in the presence of regional snow cover at temperatures near freezing, when snow melt and sublimation could generate fog and strengthen the boundary layer inversion. Substantial contribution to nitrate production from nighttime chemistry of ozone and NO2 to N2O5 and nitric acid is likely and requires further investigation. Pollutant-specific urban excess during episode and non-episode conditions is presented. The largest remaining uncertainties in the conceptual model of the wintertime episodes are the variability from episode-to-episode in ammonia emissions, the balance of daytime and nighttime nitrate production, the relationship between ammonia controls, NOx controls and ammonium nitrate reductions, and the extent to which snow and fog are causal (either through meteorological or chemical processes) rather than just correlated with episodes because of similar synoptic meteorology.

scholarly journals Overview of the LADCO winter nitrate study: hourly ammonia, nitric acid and PM<sub>2.5</sub> composition at an urban and rural site pair during PM<sub>2.5</sub> episodes in the US Great Lakes region

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 14115-14167 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Stanier ◽  
A. Singh ◽  
W. Adamski ◽  
J. Baek ◽  
M. Caughey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Nitrate Production ◽  
The Us

Abstract. An overview of the LADCO (Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium) Winter Nitrate Study (WNS) is presented. Sampling was conducted at ground level at an urban-rural pair of sites during January–March 2009 in eastern Wisconsin, toward the Western edge of the US Great Lakes region. Areas surrounding these sites experience multiday episodes of wintertime PM2.5 pollution characterized by high fractions of ammonium nitrate in PM, low wind speeds, and air mass stagnation. Hourly surface monitoring of inorganic gases and aerosols supplemented long-term 24-h aerosol chemistry monitoring at these locations. The urban site (Milwaukee, WI) experienced 13 PM2.5 episodes, defined as periods where the seven-hour moving average PM2.5 concentration exceeded 27 μg m−3 for at least four consecutive hours. The rural site experienced seven episodes by the same metric, and all rural episodes coincided with urban episodes. Episodes were characterized by low pressure systems, shallow/stable boundary layer, light winds, and increased temperature and relative humidity relative to climatological mean conditions. They often occurred in the presence of regional snow cover at temperatures near freezing, when snow melt and sublimation could generate fog and strengthen the boundary layer inversion. Substantial contribution to nitrate production from nighttime chemistry of ozone and NO2 to N2O5 and nitric acid is likely and requires further investigation. Pollutant-specific urban excess during episode and non-episode conditions is presented. The largest remaining uncertainties in the conceptual model of the wintertime episodes are the variability from episode-to-episode in ammonia emissions, the balance of daytime and nighttime nitrate production, the relationship between ammonia controls, NOx controls and ammonium nitrate reductions, and the extent to which snow and fog are causal (either through meteorological or chemical processes) rather than just correlated with episodes because of similar synoptic meteorology.

scholarly journals Comparative Exergy Analysis of Units for the Porous Ammonium Nitrate Granulation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 280
Author(s):  
Dmytro Levchenko ◽  
Andrii Manzharov ◽  
Artem Artyukhov ◽  
Nadiya Artyukhova ◽  
Jan Krmela
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Unit Mass ◽  
Brayton Cycle ◽  
Basic Scheme ◽  
Target Parameter ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Nitrate Production

The article deals with the study on the efficiency of units for porous ammonium nitrate production. The ways which increase the effective implementation of energy resources are determined by including the ejector recycling module, heat and mass exchangers that utilize principles of regenerative indirect evaporative cooling, and the sub-atmospheric inverse Brayton cycle. Mixed exergy analysis evaluates all flows of the system contour as those of the same value. The target parameter for determining the efficiency of both systems is the ratio of the unit’s productivity to the exergy expenditures to produce the unit mass of the product. As a result, it is found that the mentioned devices and units enable to increase the efficiency of the basic scheme by 87%.

The Chemical Behaviour and Deposition of Ammonium Nitrate, Nitric Acid and Ammonia

1997 ◽  
pp. 426-432
Author(s):  
Ralph Dlugi ◽  
Lucia Kins ◽  
Thomas Seiler ◽  
Winfried Seidl ◽  
Peter Seifert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Chemical Behaviour

scholarly journals Aerodynamic gradient measurements of the NH<sub>3</sub>-HNO<sub>3</sub>-NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> triad using a wet chemical instrument: an analysis of precision requirements and flux errors

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Wolff ◽  
I. Trebs ◽  
C. Ammann ◽  
F. X. Meixner
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Measured Concentration ◽  
Surface Exchange ◽  
Concentration Difference ◽  
Wet Chemical

Abstract. The aerodynamic gradient method is widely used for flux measurements of ammonia, nitric acid, particulate ammonium nitrate (the NH3-HNO3-NH4NO3 triad) and other water-soluble reactive trace compounds. The surface exchange flux is derived from a measured concentration difference and micrometeorological quantities (turbulent exchange coefficient). The significance of the measured concentration difference is crucial for the significant determination of surface exchange fluxes. Additionally, measurements of surface exchange fluxes of ammonia, nitric acid and ammonium nitrate are often strongly affected by phase changes between gaseous and particulate compounds of the triad, which make measurements of the four individual species (NH3, HNO3, NH4+, NO3− necessary for a correct interpretation of the measured concentration differences. We present here a rigorous analysis of results obtained with a multi-component, wet-chemical instrument, able to simultaneously measure gradients of both gaseous and particulate trace substances. Basis for our analysis are two field experiments, conducted above contrasting ecosystems (grassland, forest). Precision requirements of the instrument as well as errors of concentration differences and micrometeorological exchange parameters have been estimated, which, in turn, allows the establishment of thorough error estimates of the derived fluxes of NH3, HNO3, NH4+, and NO3−. Derived median flux errors for the grassland and forest field experiments were: 39% and 50% (NH3), 31% and 38% (HNO3), 62% and 57% (NH4+), and 47% and 68% (NO3−), respectively. Additionally, we provide the basis for using field data to characterize the instrument performance, as well as subsequent quantification of surface exchange fluxes and underlying mechanistic processes under realistic ambient measurement conditions.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Nitrate Aerosol Production to Vehicular Emissions in an Urban Street

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minjoong J. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Vehicular Emissions ◽  
Street Canyons ◽  
Urban Streets ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Nitrate Production ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Nitrate Aerosol

This study investigated the sensitivity of nitrate aerosols to vehicular emissions in urban streets using a coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD)–chemistry model. Nitrate concentrations were highest at the street surface level following NH3 emissions from vehicles, indicating that ammonium nitrate formation occurs under NH3-limited conditions in street canyons. Sensitivity simulations revealed that the nitrate concentration has no clear relationship with the NOx emission rate, showing nitrate changes of only 2% across among 16 time differences in NOx emissions. NOx emissions show a conflicting effect on nitrate production via decreasing O3 and increasing NO2 concentrations under a volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited regime for O3 production. The sensitivity simulations also show that nitrate aerosol is proportional to vehicular VOC and NH3 emissions in the street canyon. Changes of VOC emissions affect the nitrate aerosol and HNO3 concentrations through changes in the O3 concentration under a VOC-limited regime for O3 production. Nitrate aerosol concentration is influenced by vehicular NH3 emissions, which produce ammonium nitrate effectively under an NH3-limited regime for nitrate production. This research suggests that, when vehicular emissions are dominant in winter, the control of vehicular VOC and NH3 emissions might be a more effective way to degrade PM2.5 problems than the control of NOx.

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