ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS OF NEEDLE ROTARY TOOLS FOR APPLYING LIQUID FERTILIZERS TO THE SOIL LAYER

The purpose of the research is to identify trends in the technical development of needle rotary means for injecting liquid mixtures into the soil layer, taking into account the essence of the technological operation, as a control action to change the state of the soil. Research methods - analysis and generalization of essential features of technical solutions of needle tools for processing and applying liquid fertilizers to the soil layer. In order to develop criteria for evaluating technical solutions, scientific research on the classification of tools of this type and generalized interpretations of the essence of technological operations of tillage, application of chemicals, sowing, etc. were preliminary analyzed. Research results. An analysis from the point of view of the possibility of controlling the process and the degree of its implementation by a specific instrument allows to assess the place of a specific tool in the development stage. In accordance with the "System of properties and indicators of soil condition" [Vetokhin 2009], any introduction / extraction of matter, energy and / or information is considered a controlling factor in changing the state of the system, the ultimate goal of which is to change the level of metabolic processes and, as a result, to change the yield. An increase in the information component of processes is considered to be a tendency in the development of agricultural technologies and technical means aimed at a radical reduction in resource consumption [Vetokhin, Altybaev 2019]. One of the first technical solutions of needle tools for applying liquid to the soil layer is known from the American patent of 1898 [Morris, 1898]. The aim of the inventor is to provide a device adapted to form a hole in the soil for receiving a plant and supplying water to the hole. The current state of the development of technical means is illustrated by the invention, patented in the USA, RF and EU, "Systems, methods and devices for the introduction of agricultural liquids" [Stoller et al., 2020], [Radtke et al., 2020], [Levy et al., 2015]. A qualitatively new level is achieved by the inclusion of sensors of the current state of the soil in the process control system. Sensors come in contact with the soil to monitor its condition, in particular, density, temperature, humidity, percentage of carbon, organic matter, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, etc. In a fluid delivery system, each of the outlets is connected to separate sources of input material and may contain dissimilar fluid materials, for example, different types of fertilizers, liquid insecticides. Conclusions. It has been established that the technical solutions of needle tools have been developed from manual devices of periodic action to rotary needle tools of continuous action for dosed application of complex fertilizers and simultaneous loosening of the soil. The next step in technical development is to expect the creation of automated complexes with rotary needle working bodies, which are able to continuously assess the condition of the soil and control the process of loosening and applying agricultural materials with different doses along each row. A promising stage of technical and technological development is the creation of means that will directly control metabolic processes in a system with a layer of soil. In a scientific sense, the study of trends in the development of technical means confirmed the previously published theoretical generalization of soil properties in relation to the process of managing its condition with minimal resource costs.

Influence of Impulse Moments On Single-Frequency Torsional Oscillations of Nonlinearly Elastic Bodies

Analytical study of the impulse moment influences on the nonlinear torsional oscillations in the homogeneous constant cross-section of a body under classical boundary conditions of the first, second, and third types has been developed. For the case when the elastic material properties meet the body close to the power law of elasticity, mathematical models of the process are obtained. They are the boundary value problems for an equation of hyperbolic type with a small parameter at the discrete right-hand side. The latter expresses the effect of pulse momentum on the oscillatory process. The peculiarities of resonant oscillations are established. Relative torsional oscillations of a nonlinear elastic body that rotates around the axis with a constant portable angular velocity are considered, taking into account the periodic action of pulse momentum acting in a fixed cross-section. The reliability of the obtained calculation formulas is confirmed.

The design of the electromagnetic aluminum mold of periodic action

This publication discusses a set of issues on computer modeling of electromagnetic and thermal processes in an induction crystallizer of an aluminum melt, in which forces are created between the melt and the inductor coil, compressing the column of liquid material and preventing direct contact of the melt with the crucible walls. In known induction systems using electromagnetic pressure on molten metal, for crystallization, the parameters of the inductor are selected so that, with sufficient force, the temperature does not rise due to internal sources of heat release with sufficient water cooling of the surface. In the proposed work, heat removal mainly occurs through contact with a water-cooled support surface. The aim of the work is to determine the process parameters at which the required electromagnetic force is formed on the melt wall, taking into account the change in the current density at the interface between the solid and liquid phases of aluminum. When determining the parameters of induction crystallizers, the temperature dependences of the thermophysical properties were used. Variants of the inductor realization are investigated, which makes it possible to cover the entire volume of the melt, inside which significant changes in the electrical conductivity of aluminum and the power of internal heat sources are observed. Obtaining a cylindrical shape of the ingot, in contrast to the known electromagnetic crystallizers, is achieved by determining the design of the inductor, which provides a decrease in the repulsive electromagnetic force acting on the side surface of the melt in height. The results of the study showed the possibility of using the crystallizer at various ratios of the height and diameter of the melt column, and the intensity of cooling. The efficiency of the process for aluminum increases with an increase in the radius of the melt column, which also leads to a decrease in shape distortion in the region of the upper end.

Determination of heat transfer coefficient in advanced rotary film evaporator

The object of research is the process of concentrating fruit and vegetable purees in an improved rotary film evaporator. The existing hardware design of traditional processes for processing fruits and vegetables, as a rule, is not unified enough, inconvenient in operation and is designed for high productivity. Concentration of fruit and vegetable purees occurs mainly in vacuum evaporators of periodic and continuous operation at a temperature of 60–80 °C under vacuum, which allows them to significantly preserve their nutritional value. But the duration of the process remains very significant (in devices of periodic action up to 75–90 minutes). One of the most problematic areas in the concentration of fruit and vegetable raw materials is significant losses of biologically active substances. At the same time, an important indicator of the quality of the process of concentrating pasty fruit and vegetable pastes is the value of the heat transfer coefficient, which characterizes the efficiency of the heat transfer method and the design features of the mixing device, taking into account the thermophysical characteristics of the product. To create conditions for conducting research to determine the heat transfer coefficient, it is necessary to use instrumentation with precise regulation of the necessary technological parameters. To study the heat transfer coefficient when concentrating fruit and vegetable purees, an automatic installation of an improved rotary evaporator was designed. The improvement of the rotary film evaporator (RFE) is carried out due to the lower location of the separating space by installing a screw discharge of the paste and preheating the output puree with secondary steam. The experimental dependences of the heat transfer coefficient on the product flow rate make it possible to determine the rational values of the flow rate of the RFE feedstock at various values of the rotor shaft speed. It is found that the heat transfer coefficient is influenced to a large extent by the product consumption, and the rotor speed acts to a lesser extent, only the relative speed of fluid passage around the developed hinged blade changes. It is found that when the frequency changes from 0.3 to 1.7 s–1, an increase in the heat transfer coefficient by 1.45 times is observed, which is explained by a more intensive degree of mixing of the product by the blades.

DNA Dynamics under Periodic Force Effects

The sensitivity of DNA to electromagnetic radiation in different ranges differs depending on various factors. The aim of this study was to examine the molecular dynamics of DNA under the influence of external periodic influences with different frequencies. In the present paper, within the framework of a mechanical model without simplifications, we investigated the effect of various frequencies of external periodic action in the range from 1011 s−1 to 108 s−1 on the dynamics of a DNA molecule. It was shown that under the influence of an external periodic force, a DNA molecule can perform oscillatory movements with a specific frequency characteristic of this molecule, which differs from the frequency of the external influence ω. It was found that the frequency of such specific vibrations of a DNA molecule depends on the sequence of nucleotides. Using the developed mathematical model describing the rotational motion of the nitrogenous bases around the sugar–phosphate chain, it is possible to calculate the frequency and amplitude of the oscillations of an individual DNA area. Such calculations can find application in the field of molecular nanotechnology.

Selection of Raw Materials for High-Quality Needle Coke

The aim of the study is to study the possibility of obtaining anisotropic needle coke, using various types of heavy pyrolysis resin, decantoil and a mixture of decantoil and heavy pyrolysis resin as raw materials in laboratory conditions. The coking process was carried out at a temperature of 470°C in a laboratory installation of periodic action in static conditions. A study of the influence of the composition of raw materials on such important indicators of coke as the sulfur content in coke and the assessment of the microstructure according to a special ball technique The production of cokes with a low scoring is due to the fact that under static conditions there is no directed movement of the flow of the raw material mixture, as is realized in industrial plants for delayed coking.

SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION OF PRELIMINARY MECHANICAL TREATMENT METHOD OF FINELY-DISPERSED FRACTION OF SOLID WASTE BEFORE DISPOSAL

Introduction. Every year in Ukraine about 40-50 million tons are dumped in landfills. household waste, of which only no more than 2 million tons are processed and disposed of. To date, more than 15 billion tons of waste have been accumulated in landfills. Insufficient number of official, registered and equipped landfills, lack of modern landfills, as well as insufficient level of waste disposal are the reasons for the emergence of so-called unauthorized landfills, often located within the city. Problem Statement. To date, the processes of utilization of fine fractions of waste, which include the decomposition products of organic waste, remain the least developed. In various methods of waste disposal there are problems when working with large volumes of dispersed waste at almost all stages of their processing. Thus, to increase the efficiency of waste disposal, it is necessary to increase the relative size of the material being processed. This can be done at the stage of preliminary preparation of raw materials. The right choice of pre-treatment method will reduce the negative impact on humans and the environment of harmful elements contained in household waste, as well as increase the efficiency of their disposal Purpose. Carrying out of theoretical and experimental researches of ways of granulation of dispersed fraction and products of disintegration of solid household waste as a stage of their preliminary preparation for utilization. Substantiation on the basis of the received parameters of technology of mechanical processing of waste by various methods of granulation and preparation of the recommendation to a choice of a way of preliminary preparation of dispersed waste for their effective utilization by thermolysis and energy recovery. Carrying out the analysis of ecological danger of formation of dioxins in the course of processing of waste, and also giving practical recommendations concerning their minimization. Materials and methods. As the main stage of preliminary preparation of the dispersed fraction of waste for further processing, three methods of compounding the decomposition products of household waste were considered. Two methods that do not directly affect the particle density - fluidization and granulation in a fluidized bed, as well as pressing. The process of encapsulation of fine waste was studied in an open-type plate granulator; fluidized bed granulation was performed in a laboratory unit-granulator of periodic action with a fluidized bed; compression of dispersed waste was carried out using a screw stamp press with a detachable matrix. Results. Peculiarities of granulation of the dispersed fraction of household waste by different methods have been established. Improving adjustments have been made to the existing developed scheme of thermolysis and energy recovery on the basis of the conducted methods of preliminary preparation of dispersed waste. The economic effect of the introduction of the method of thermolysis and energy recovery of waste into production on the territory of Ukraine, which is planned to be 8 million USD / year, was also calculated. Conclusions. The research results presented in the paper will facilitate the choice of method and means of preliminary preparation of waste for various existing types of their utilization. An experimental method of thermolysis-energy recovery is proposed as an effective method of waste utilization. Adjustments in the existing scheme of TERW on the basis of the conducted researches are planned to essentially increase efficiency of such processing. The ecological danger of formation and emissions of dioxins in the process of thermal processing of waste is considered, as well as practical recommendations for their minimization are given. Key words: solid household waste, decomposition, granulation, thermolysis recovery, dioxins

QUALITY EVALUATION OF PROTEIN FEED ADDITIVE AND TURKEY COMPOUND FEED

The article describes that there is a problem of providing the population of the planet with a complete protein in the world today. It is proved that its lack can lead to significant pathologies. This issue becomes very acute with the rapid increase in the number of people on Earth. In this situation the challenge is complicated for compound feed producers because it is necessary to provide protein feeds to farm animals and poultry to meet people's needs for animal protein products. However, feed manufacturers should not use protein raw materials that can be consumed as food. Based on cooperation with compound feed producers, the task of finding alternative sources of protein raw materials, preferably of vegetable origin, is set. The optimal composition of protein feed additive (PFA) for soybean meal replacement in compound feeds for farm animals and poultry has been developed. PFA can be manufactured at a feed mill with portion technology by weighing portions of components and mixing in a paddle periodic action mixer. PFA can be used as a part of compound feeds for poultry farms and livestock complexes, feed concentrates for poultry and livestock farms, feed mills with advanced technology, inter-farm or mini-feed mills. We have developed compound feed recipes for heavy type turkeys using PFA to determine the cost-effectiveness of using PFA in compound feed. Turkeys have been chosen as a poultry because they are the most demanding birds to the quality and quantity of protein in the ration. The experimental samples of PFA were made in accordance with the developed recipes. We determined their physical properties and chemical composition. The PFA experimental samples match the quality of soybean meal according to the physical properties and chemical composition. In accordance with the developed recipes of mixed feeds for heavy type turkeys experimental samples of starter and grower feeds were made. Research of the physical properties and chemical composition of compound feeds has shown that the replacement of soybean meal with PFA in their composition does not affect the nutritional value and technological properties of the final product.