Ideal mixing proportions of carrier materials used for lifting ores for deep sea mining by sphere falling tests

Gorgonians are important organisms living around coral reefs. They have high abundance and very important ecological role. They can be found in shalow to deep sea. Gorgonians belong to octoral taxon rarely studied either their taxonomy or other aspects. Some studies have informed that gorgonians can produce secondary metabolites as anti-bacteria. These belong to terpenoid, alkaloid, and steroid groups. The objective of this study was to obtain secondary metabolites of gorgonian, Paramuricea clavata, through several analytical steps, i.e. extraction, partition, chromatograpgy, and spectroscopy. Extraction was done through 5 phases of maceration and then continued with partition, chromatography, and spectroscopy. The secondary metabolites detected in ethyl acetate solvent, such as flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid, and saponin, were the same as those in n-hexane solvent, while not all these compounds were detected in methanol solvent.Steroid was found in all gorgonian samples extracted in all solvent materials used in this study. Triterpenoid was also detected in gorgonian skin and axial extract using ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and methanol. Saponin was detected in all gorgonian extract, except the axial extract using ethyl acetate solvent. Keywords: Secondary metabolite, Gorgonia, anti-bacteria. Abstrak Gorgonia merupakan organisme penting yang hidup di sekitar terumbu karang. Hewan ini memiliki kelimpahan besar dan peranan ekologis yang sangat ppenting. Organisme ini dapat ditemukan di perairan dangkal sampai laut dalam. Gorgonia termasuk taksa octokoralia yang jarang diteliti baik taksonominya maupun aspek-aspek lain. Beberapa penelitian telah menginformasikan bahwa gorgonia dapat menghasilkan metablit sekunder sebagai anti-baketri. Senyawa-senyawa ini termask golongan terpenoid, alkaloid dan steroid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan metabolit sekunder gorgonia (Paramuricea clavata) melalui beberapa tahap analisis, yaitu ekstraksi, partisi, kromatografi, dan spektroskopi. Ekstraksi dilakukan melalui 5 tahap maserasi dan dilanjutkan dengan partisi, kromatografi, dan spectroskopy. Metabolit sekunder yang terdeteksi pada larutan ethil asetat, seperti flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid dan saponin adalah sama dengan pada pelarut n-heksan, sedangkan tidak semua senyawa ini terdeteksi pada pelarut metanol. Steroid ditemukan pada semua sampel gorgonia yang diekstrak dalam semua bahan pelarut yang digunakan pada penelitian ini. Triterpenoid terdeteksi pada ekstrak kulit dan aksial gorgonia yang menggunakan pelarut ethil asetat, n-hexane, dan methanol. Saponin terdeteksi pada semua ekstrak gorgonia, kecuali ekstrak axial yang menggunakan pelarut ethil asetat.

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Screening of carrier materials to formulate Trichoderma harzianum based bio-fungicide against foot and root rot disease of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v39i2.20415 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 197-209

Author(s):

MI Faruk ◽

ML Rahman ◽

MMH Mustafa ◽

MM Rahman ◽

MA Rahman

Keyword(s):

Rice Bran ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Root Rot ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Seedling Mortality ◽

Root Rot Disease ◽

Carrier Materials ◽

Rot Disease ◽

Materials Used

Eight different organic matters were tested for their suitability as carrier materials to prepare Trichoderma harzianum based bio-fungicides for controlling foot and root rot disease of tomato caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Four independent experiments were conducted and found that the carrier materials used singly or in combinations were suitable to prepare the bio-fungicides. Mixed use of carrier materials gave better results as compared to single ones. When wheat bran + rice bran, wheat bran + MOC+ rice bran, grasspea bran + rice bran, and grasspea bran +MOC+ rice bran were used as carrier materials. T. harzianum based bio- fungicides reduced seedling mortality of tomato by 20.33, 19.33, 24.33, and 19.34%, respectively. Treatment of soil with those biofungicides previously infested with S. rolfsii caused considerable increased in shoot and root growth of tomato. Based on the findings of investigation, the above mentioned carrier materials might be used to prepare T. harzianum based bio-fungicides. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i2.20415 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(2): 197-209, June 2014

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Deformation Replication

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100068394 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 280-281

Author(s):

J. Temple Black

Keyword(s):

Cutting Speed ◽

Machining Process ◽

Depth Of Cut ◽

Rake Face ◽

Orthogonal Machining ◽

Aluminum Chips ◽

Before And After ◽

Materials Used ◽

Glass Knife ◽

Very High

Tool materials used in ultramicrotomy are glass, developed by Latta and Hartmann (1) and diamond, introduced by Fernandez-Moran (2). While diamonds produce more good sections per knife edge than glass, they are expensive; require careful mounting and handling; and are time consuming to clean before and after usage, purchase from vendors (3-6 months waiting time), and regrind. Glass offers an easily accessible, inexpensive material ($0.04 per knife) with very high compressive strength (3) that can be employed in microtomy of metals (4) as well as biological materials. When the orthogonal machining process is being studied, glass offers additional advantages. Sections of metal or plastic can be dried down on the rake face, coated with Au-Pd, and examined directly in the SEM with no additional handling (5). Figure 1 shows aluminum chips microtomed with a 75° glass knife at a cutting speed of 1 mm/sec with a depth of cut of 1000 Å lying on the rake face of the knife.

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High Voltage Transmission Microscopy of Surveyor III Camera Shrouds

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100064748 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 138-139

Author(s):

W. R. Duff ◽

L. E. Thomas ◽

R. M. Fisher ◽

S. V. Radcliffe

Keyword(s):

Alloy Sheet ◽

Transmission Microscopy ◽

Television Camera ◽

Window Method ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Microstructural Effects ◽

Lunar Environment ◽

Successful Retrieval ◽

Materials Used ◽

Abrasive Paper

Successful retrieval of the television camera and other components from the Surveyor III spacecraft by the Apollo 12 astronauts has provided a unique opportunity to study the effects of a known and relatively extensive exposure to the lunar environment. Microstructural effects including those produced by micro-meteorite impact, radiation damage (by both the solar wind and cosmic rays) and solar heating might be expected in the materials used to fabricate the spacecraft. Samples received were in the form of 1 cm2 of painted unpainted aluminum alloy sheet from the top of the camera visor (JPL Code 933) and the sides (935,936) and bottom (934) of the lower camera shroud. They were prepared for transmission electron microscopy by first hand-grinding with abrasive paper to a thickness of 0.006". The edges were lacquered and the sample electropolished in 10% perchloric methanol using the “window” method, to a thickness of ~0.001". Final thinning was accomplished by polishing 3 mm punched disks in an acetic-phosphoric-nitric acid solution.

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Structure-property relationships of PE/PP sandwiched films

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100126998 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 454-455

Author(s):

J. Petermann ◽

G. Broza ◽

U. Rieck ◽

A. Jaballah ◽

A. Kawaguchi

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Tests ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Ionic Crystals ◽

Structure Property ◽

Polymer Systems ◽

Structure Property Relationships ◽

Oriented Films ◽

Materials Used ◽

Polymer Laminates ◽

Heated Glass

Oriented overgrowth of polymer materials onto ionic crystals is well known and recently it was demonstrated that this epitaxial crystallisation can also occur in polymer/polymer systems, under certain conditions. The morphologies and the resulting physical properties of such systems will be presented, especially the influence of epitaxial interfaces on the adhesion of polymer laminates and the mechanical properties of epitaxially crystallized sandwiched layers.Materials used were polyethylene, PE, Lupolen 6021 DX (HDPE) and 1810 D (LDPE) from BASF AG; polypropylene, PP, (PPN) provided by Höchst AG and polybutene-1, PB-1, Vestolen BT from Chemische Werke Hüls. Thin oriented films were prepared according to the method of Petermann and Gohil, by winding up two different polymer films from two separately heated glass-plates simultaneously with the help of a motor driven cylinder. One double layer was used for TEM investigations, while about 1000 sandwiched layers were taken for mechanical tests.

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