scholarly journals Low-rank coal and poly fatty acid distillate characterization as a preparation of coal upgrading palm oil technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 882 (1) ◽  
pp. 012038
Author(s):  
Sihyun Lee ◽  
Jiho Yoo ◽  
Datin Fatia Umar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Low Rank Coal ◽  
Temperature Oxidation ◽  
Technology Application ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Abstract The utilization of low-rank coal is restricted by such factors as high moisture content, low heating value, high propensity to low-temperature oxidation, spontaneous combustion, etc. Some coal upgrading technologies to reduce the moisture content have been developed, one of them is coal upgrading palm oil technology using palm fatty acid distillate as an additive to keep the stability of moisture content in the coal after the process. To study the possibility of the upgrading technology application in Indonesia, some studies have been conducted. The study covered coal characterization such as proximate, ultimate and calorific value, palm fatty acid distillate for stabilization of upgraded low-rank coal and coal upgrading by coal upgrading palm oil technology in laboratory scale. By using 7 Indonesian low-rank coals and 4 palm fatty acid distillates, it is confirmed that the coal upgrading palm oil technology is effective to reduce the moisture content and increase the calorific value of low rank coal.

Gasoline Yield Enhancement in Fluid Catalytic Cracking by Coprocessing of Petroleum Gasoil with Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil and Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 1079-1084
Author(s):  
Zarkoni Azis ◽  
Bambang Heru Susanto ◽  
Mohammad Nasikin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Cracking Reaction ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Gasoline is liquid hydrocarbon fuel used for spark-ignition engine. Most of gasoline production is carried out in the petroleum oil refinery through several stages of process and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is an important process that can convert some of heavy oil fractions like vacuum gasoil (VGO) and residue to be cracked into gasoline and lighter products. Consumption of gasoline for transportation fuel in Indonesia is higher than its production capability, so this gap has compelled to search the alternative process route using renewable feedstock. Coprocessing of petroleum gasoil with crude palm oil in fluid catalytic cracking had been investigated previously resulting in lower value of conversion as well as gasoline yield when applying co-feeds at higher level of vegetable oils. Cracking feedstock containing triglyceride and fatty acid from vegetable oil is supposed to be the other possibility as a reason of conversion and yield changes. The research work is aimed to find out another way for gasoline yield upgrading in fluid catalytic cracking process using available catalyst by coprocessing of VGO with refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) and small amount of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). The experimental work of cracking reaction was performed on fluid-bed reactor of ACE unit at temperature of 530 °C, nearly atmospheric pressure and catalyst-oil ratio of 5.5 g/g. Three kind of oil feeds were tested namely VGO, VGO mixed with 5% RBDPO and VGO added with 5% RBDPO-PFAD of mixing ratio 9:1. The cracking reaction results in gaseous and liquid products. The gaseous phase product was analyzed using online gas chromatography to detect light hydrocarbon components of C1, C2 and H2 as dry gas and hydrocarbon components of C3 and C4 as LPG. The liquid item was investigated through gas chromatography of simulated distillation to separate fluid components including gasoline, light cycle oil (LCO) and slurry oil. Carbon material placed on catalyst through cracking reaction was analyzed at regeneration step of spent catalyst passed through catalytic converter by online Infrared method. Coprocessing of VGO with 5% RBDPO and VGO with 5% RBDPO-PFAD can alter conversion and product yields. The presence of triglyceride and fatty acid in oil feeds during cracking reaction influence signifi- cantly to gasoline enhancement. Although this coprocessing work has shown initial phenomenon in accordance with hypothesis, further investigation is necessary to explore deeper in order to obtain an optimized process condition by various levels of coprocessing feed.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Synthesis from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) by Palm Oil Industry Product using Metal-Hydroxyapatite Catalyst

2020 ◽  
Vol 1655 ◽  
pp. 012030
Author(s):  
Sri Rezeki Muria ◽  
Yelmida Azis ◽  
Khairat ◽  
Desy Erika Putri ◽  
Zultiniar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Quality of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate at Palm Oil Refining Plant

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 8144-8151
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Refining Plant ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

A study on factors affecting biodiesel quality of agricultural by-products, namely palm oil derived using palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), collected from the Oleen Palm Oil industrial refining plant. This PFAD showed free fatty acid content and a saponification value of 88.4 % and 204 mg KOH/g, respectively. An acid catalyst was successfully used to produce biodiesel in the esterification reaction, and a 97.11% conversion to biodiesel based on the European Standard EN 14214:2003 was achieved under the conditions (PFAD to methanol molar ratio 1:3.71 with 1.834 % H2SO4 catalyzed at 121 °C for 15 minutes). Overall, this novel process achieved highly enhanced FAME (95.82% to 97.31%) with a significantly increased reaction time (10 to 30 minutes) and catalyst requirements (1.834 % H2SO4).

scholarly journals Development of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate-Containing Medium for Biosurfactant Production by Pseudomonas sp. LM19

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 2613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hamid Nurfarahin ◽  
Mohd Shamzi Mohamed ◽  
Lai Yee Phang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biosurfactant Production ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

High production costs of biosurfactants are mainly caused by the usage of the expensive substrate and long fermentation period which undermines their potential in bioremediation processes, food, and cosmetic industries even though they, owing to the biodegradability, lower toxicity, and raise specificity traits. One way to circumvent this is to improvise the formulation of biosurfactant-production medium by using cheaper substrate. A culture medium utilizing palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a palm oil refinery by-product, was first developed through one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) technique and further refined by means of the statistical design method of factorial and response surface modeling to enhance the biosurfactant production from Pseudomonas sp. LM19. The results shows that, the optimized culture medium containing: 1.148% (v/v) PFAD; 4.054 g/L KH2PO4; 1.30 g/L yeast extract; 0.023 g/L sodium-EDTA; 1.057 g/L MgSO4·7H2O; 0.75 g/L K2HPO4; 0.20 g/L CaCl2·2H2O; 0.080 g/L FeCl3·6H2O gave the maximum biosurfactant productivity. This study demonstrated that the cell concentration and biosurfactant productivity could reach up to 8.5 × 109 CFU/mL and 0.346 g/L/day, respectively after seven days of growth, which were comparable to the values predicted by an RSM regression model, i.e., 8.4 × 109 CFU/mL and 0.347 g/L/day, respectively. Eleven rhamnolipid congeners were detected, in which dirhamnolipid accounted for 58% and monorhamnolipid was 42%. All in all, manipulation of palm oil by-products proved to be a feasible substrate for increasing the biosurfactant production about 3.55-fold as shown in this study.

scholarly journals Bioactive Compounds of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) from Several Palm Oil Refineries

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 1153-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teti Estiasih ◽  
Kgs. Ahmadi ◽  
Tri Dewanti Widyaningsih ◽  
Jaya Mahar Maligan ◽  
Ahmad Zaki Mubarok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Mini Review: Hypocholesterolemic Potential of Unsaponifiable Matter from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-181
Author(s):  
Angela Wulansari ◽  
Teti Estiasih ◽  
Yunianta Yunianta
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Unsaponifiable Matter ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Hypocholesterolemic Effect ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Palm fruit as raw material of palm oil is the main commodity of Indonesian agriculture. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a by-product of palm oil refinery process in deodorization stage. PFAD contained bioactive compounds such as vitamin E, phytosterols, and squalene. Vitamin E, phytosterols, and squalene have knows for its hypocholesterolemic effect and cardio protector. Bioactive compounds of PFAD can be separated from its fatty acid using saponification reaction. Saponification of PFAD produced unsaponifiable matter (USM) which was rich in bioactive compounds. Food fortification is aimed to enhance the nutrition quality of food for specific reason. The fortificant can be macronutrient or micronutrient. USM of PFAD potentially become food product fortificant which will give hypocholesterolemic effect. This review is discussed about hypocholesterolemic effect of each bioactive compounds in USM of PFAD and the potential of USM as food fortificant espsecially for food with hypocholesterolemic effect.

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