scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Quality of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate at Palm Oil Refining Plant

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 8144-8151
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Refining Plant ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

A study on factors affecting biodiesel quality of agricultural by-products, namely palm oil derived using palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), collected from the Oleen Palm Oil industrial refining plant. This PFAD showed free fatty acid content and a saponification value of 88.4 % and 204 mg KOH/g, respectively. An acid catalyst was successfully used to produce biodiesel in the esterification reaction, and a 97.11% conversion to biodiesel based on the European Standard EN 14214:2003 was achieved under the conditions (PFAD to methanol molar ratio 1:3.71 with 1.834 % H2SO4 catalyzed at 121 °C for 15 minutes). Overall, this novel process achieved highly enhanced FAME (95.82% to 97.31%) with a significantly increased reaction time (10 to 30 minutes) and catalyst requirements (1.834 % H2SO4).

scholarly journals Co-valorization of agro-industry by-products: effect of citrus oil on the quality of soap derived from palm fatty acid distillate and spent bleaching clay

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-575
Author(s):  
Teerasak Punvichai ◽  
Daniel Pioch
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Bleaching Clay ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Soap Content ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Spent Bleaching Clay ◽  
By Products ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

This study deals with the co-valorization of spent bleaching clay (SBC) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) –by-products of palm oil refining plants- through soap manufacture. Obtained SBC and PFAD samples show differing acidity and saponification values depending on fatty acids and acylglycerols content. Soaps are prepared using the stoichiometric amount of NaOH, under the varying proportion of water introduced through the basic solution. The mixing SBC and PFAD (ratio 1:3), the reaction completion (92.5%) is surprisingly higher than expected, indicating a synergistic effect on the course of the saponification reaction. The water is also a critical parameter, 30% w/w of added water allowing the highest yield. When testing for cleaning efficiency the products having the highest soap content, those from individual by-products give a low microbial count reduction after hand-washing (30-37%). But a much better score (74%) is obtained when using SBC:PFAD soap mixtures. This improvement could be due to abrasive and absorption effects of the clay, combined with the high soap content. The acceptability through a panel test is good for all soaps when formulated with citrus oil. The most active product corresponds to a SBC:PFAD ratio close to the production one in refining plants. Therefore these results provide an easy way for co-valorising these by-products, after further optimizing the saponification reaction in this complex triphasic medium (aqueous solution, oil, clay).

scholarly journals Quality Prediction Modeling of Palm Oil Refining Plant in Malaysia Using Artificial Neural Network Models

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.26) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Nurul Sulaiha Sulaiman ◽  
Khairiyah Mohd-Yusof ◽  
Asngari Mohd-Saion
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
Refining Plant ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

Malaysia is currently one of the biggest producers and exporters of palm oil and palm oil products. In the growth of palm oil industry in Malaysia, quality of the refined oil is a major concern where off-specification products will be rejected thus causing a great loss in profit. In this paper, predictive modeling of refined palm oil quality in one palm oil refining plant in Malaysia is proposed for online quality monitoring purposes. The color of the crude oil, Free Fatty acid (FFA) content, bleaching earth dosage, citric acid dosage, activated carbon dosage, deodorizer pressure and deodorizer temperature were studied in this paper. The industrial palm oil refinery data were used as input and output to the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. Various trials were examined for training all three ANN models using number of nodes in the hidden layer varying from 10 to 25. All three models were trained and tested reasonably well to predict FFA content, red and yellow color quality of the refined palm oil efficiently with small error. Therefore, the models can be further implemented in palm oil refinery plant as online prediction system.  

scholarly journals TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PURIFICATION USING ACTIVATED CHARCOAL COCONUT SHELL ADSORBENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Nining Putri Kurnianingsih ◽  
Maherwati Maherawati ◽  
Tri Rahayuni
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Coconut oil in West Kalimantan is still largely a traditional coconut oil because it has not gone through a refining process. To improve the quality of traditional coconut oil, the addition of activated charcoal can be used as an adsorbent so as to improve the quality of coconut oil. Activated charcoal can be made from materials that contain high carbon, one of which is a coconut shell. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding activated charcoal to improving the quality of traditional coconut oil and the concentration of adding activated charcoal that produced the best characteristics of coconut oil. The research design used was a Randomized Block Design with one factor (coconut shell active charcoal concentration) 6 levels of treatment (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%) with 4 replications. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA (ɑ = 5%) if there was an influence followed by BNJ test (ɑ = 5%). The results showed that the addition of coconut shell activated charcoal with a concentration of 1% -5% to traditional coconut oil can significantly reduce free fatty acid levels. In addition, the addition of activated charcoal affects the sensory attributes of color and aroma to be better than the control (without the addition of activated charcoal). The best traditional coconut oil produced in this study is traditional coconut oil added with coconut shell activated charcoal with a concentration of 5% with chemical and sensory characteristics as follows: water content 0.138%, free fatty acid content 0.428%, saponification number 231, 9 mg KOH / g, color value 4,88, and aroma value 3,68.Keywords: adsorbent, activated charcoal, coconut oil, refining, coconut shell

scholarly journals Bioavtur Synthesis from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate through Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
J.S. Sabarman ◽  
E.H. Legowo ◽  
D.I. Widiputri ◽  
A.R. Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Increasing concern in fossil fuel depletion and CO2 emissions create an urgent need for biofuel substitution. Bio-jet fuel is a possible alternative for conventional jet fuels which currently accounts for 2% of the world’s CO2 emission. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is the byproduct of palm oil refinery process, which has a potential to become a promising raw material for the synthesis of bioavtur due to its high free fatty acid content. The oil-to-jet pathway is a possible route to produce bioavtur from PFAD, which includes hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and hydroisomerization processes. This research aims to investigate the hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. The parameters that were investigated are temperature, solvent to PFAD ratio, catalyst loading, and pressure. The parameters variations were as follows: the temperature at 350oC and 400oC, the pressure at 40 bar and 32.5 bar, the solvent to PFAD ratio at 2:1 and 1:1, and the catalyst loading (%wt) at 1%, 2%, and 3%. Presulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 PIDO 120 1.3 was used for one-step hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. Results indicated that the 400oC provided better free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. FFA is also almost completely removed when the catalyst used is 3% weight. Solvent to PFAD ratio affected the FFA conversion marginally, while higher catalyst loading (3%) improved the FFA conversion. Gas chromatography results show that the hydrocarbon chains are successfully hydrocracked into C9-C17. The best selectivity of the product to bioavtur range was calculated at 68.99%. Solvent ratio affects the hydrocracking more significantly than the catalyst loading. One sample with temperature operation 400oC and solvent to PFAD ratio 1:1 was in the range of conventional avtur density. With the method used in this study, it can be concluded that PFAD is a promising raw material for bioavtur. Keywords: Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), hydrotreating, hydrocracking, bioavtur

Gasoline Yield Enhancement in Fluid Catalytic Cracking by Coprocessing of Petroleum Gasoil with Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil and Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 1079-1084
Author(s):  
Zarkoni Azis ◽  
Bambang Heru Susanto ◽  
Mohammad Nasikin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Cracking Reaction ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Gasoline is liquid hydrocarbon fuel used for spark-ignition engine. Most of gasoline production is carried out in the petroleum oil refinery through several stages of process and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is an important process that can convert some of heavy oil fractions like vacuum gasoil (VGO) and residue to be cracked into gasoline and lighter products. Consumption of gasoline for transportation fuel in Indonesia is higher than its production capability, so this gap has compelled to search the alternative process route using renewable feedstock. Coprocessing of petroleum gasoil with crude palm oil in fluid catalytic cracking had been investigated previously resulting in lower value of conversion as well as gasoline yield when applying co-feeds at higher level of vegetable oils. Cracking feedstock containing triglyceride and fatty acid from vegetable oil is supposed to be the other possibility as a reason of conversion and yield changes. The research work is aimed to find out another way for gasoline yield upgrading in fluid catalytic cracking process using available catalyst by coprocessing of VGO with refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) and small amount of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). The experimental work of cracking reaction was performed on fluid-bed reactor of ACE unit at temperature of 530 °C, nearly atmospheric pressure and catalyst-oil ratio of 5.5 g/g. Three kind of oil feeds were tested namely VGO, VGO mixed with 5% RBDPO and VGO added with 5% RBDPO-PFAD of mixing ratio 9:1. The cracking reaction results in gaseous and liquid products. The gaseous phase product was analyzed using online gas chromatography to detect light hydrocarbon components of C1, C2 and H2 as dry gas and hydrocarbon components of C3 and C4 as LPG. The liquid item was investigated through gas chromatography of simulated distillation to separate fluid components including gasoline, light cycle oil (LCO) and slurry oil. Carbon material placed on catalyst through cracking reaction was analyzed at regeneration step of spent catalyst passed through catalytic converter by online Infrared method. Coprocessing of VGO with 5% RBDPO and VGO with 5% RBDPO-PFAD can alter conversion and product yields. The presence of triglyceride and fatty acid in oil feeds during cracking reaction influence signifi- cantly to gasoline enhancement. Although this coprocessing work has shown initial phenomenon in accordance with hypothesis, further investigation is necessary to explore deeper in order to obtain an optimized process condition by various levels of coprocessing feed.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Synthesis from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) by Palm Oil Industry Product using Metal-Hydroxyapatite Catalyst

2020 ◽  
Vol 1655 ◽  
pp. 012030
Author(s):  
Sri Rezeki Muria ◽  
Yelmida Azis ◽  
Khairat ◽  
Desy Erika Putri ◽  
Zultiniar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Low-rank coal and poly fatty acid distillate characterization as a preparation of coal upgrading palm oil technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 882 (1) ◽  
pp. 012038
Author(s):  
Sihyun Lee ◽  
Jiho Yoo ◽  
Datin Fatia Umar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Low Rank Coal ◽  
Temperature Oxidation ◽  
Technology Application ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Abstract The utilization of low-rank coal is restricted by such factors as high moisture content, low heating value, high propensity to low-temperature oxidation, spontaneous combustion, etc. Some coal upgrading technologies to reduce the moisture content have been developed, one of them is coal upgrading palm oil technology using palm fatty acid distillate as an additive to keep the stability of moisture content in the coal after the process. To study the possibility of the upgrading technology application in Indonesia, some studies have been conducted. The study covered coal characterization such as proximate, ultimate and calorific value, palm fatty acid distillate for stabilization of upgraded low-rank coal and coal upgrading by coal upgrading palm oil technology in laboratory scale. By using 7 Indonesian low-rank coals and 4 palm fatty acid distillates, it is confirmed that the coal upgrading palm oil technology is effective to reduce the moisture content and increase the calorific value of low rank coal.

scholarly journals Development of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate-Containing Medium for Biosurfactant Production by Pseudomonas sp. LM19

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 2613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hamid Nurfarahin ◽  
Mohd Shamzi Mohamed ◽  
Lai Yee Phang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biosurfactant Production ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

High production costs of biosurfactants are mainly caused by the usage of the expensive substrate and long fermentation period which undermines their potential in bioremediation processes, food, and cosmetic industries even though they, owing to the biodegradability, lower toxicity, and raise specificity traits. One way to circumvent this is to improvise the formulation of biosurfactant-production medium by using cheaper substrate. A culture medium utilizing palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a palm oil refinery by-product, was first developed through one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) technique and further refined by means of the statistical design method of factorial and response surface modeling to enhance the biosurfactant production from Pseudomonas sp. LM19. The results shows that, the optimized culture medium containing: 1.148% (v/v) PFAD; 4.054 g/L KH2PO4; 1.30 g/L yeast extract; 0.023 g/L sodium-EDTA; 1.057 g/L MgSO4·7H2O; 0.75 g/L K2HPO4; 0.20 g/L CaCl2·2H2O; 0.080 g/L FeCl3·6H2O gave the maximum biosurfactant productivity. This study demonstrated that the cell concentration and biosurfactant productivity could reach up to 8.5 × 109 CFU/mL and 0.346 g/L/day, respectively after seven days of growth, which were comparable to the values predicted by an RSM regression model, i.e., 8.4 × 109 CFU/mL and 0.347 g/L/day, respectively. Eleven rhamnolipid congeners were detected, in which dirhamnolipid accounted for 58% and monorhamnolipid was 42%. All in all, manipulation of palm oil by-products proved to be a feasible substrate for increasing the biosurfactant production about 3.55-fold as shown in this study.

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