scholarly journals Effect of Calcination on Shell Powder Catalyst Towards Effectiveness on Catalysing Transesterification of Crude Glycerol to Glycerol Carbonate

2021 ◽  
Vol 945 (1) ◽  
pp. 012038
Author(s):  
Janice Sheow Tung Liew ◽  
Siew Yong Leong ◽  
Po Kim Lo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Dimethyl Carbonate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Glycerol Carbonate ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Shell Powder

Abstract Valorisation of crude glycerol has gained much interest in the industry associated with the surplus of crude glycerol caused by the increase usage of biodiesel. Transesterification of crude glycerol using a heterogenous base catalyst is one of the effective ways to utilize the additional glycerol. Seawater clams commonly serve as a food source to us and the waste shells are a source of calcium carbonate that is abundantly available and can be converted into a heterogenous base catalyst for the transesterification process. Therefore, this study focuses on the utilization of catalyst synthesized from a species of seawater clam, Paratapes Undulatus in a transesterification reaction using crude glycerol (C.GLY) as a reactant together with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to synthesize glycerol carbonate (GLYC). The catalysts are characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Particle Size Analyser (PSA). The product is characterized using Gas Chromatography (GC-FID). The performance of the synthesized shell catalyst with different calcination condition was studied. The reaction using the calcined shell catalyst is carried out at 75°C, molar ratio of 2 and 2wt% of catalyst for 1 hour. The catalyst that has the best performance is the shell catalyst that is calcined for 3h, which give the yield of 54.16%.

scholarly journals Electrospun Membranes Based on Polycaprolactone, Nano-Hydroxyapatite and Metronidazole

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 931
Author(s):  
Ioana-Codruţa Mirică ◽  
Gabriel Furtos ◽  
Ondine Lucaciu ◽  
Petru Pascuta ◽  
Mihaela Vlassa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Guided Bone Regeneration ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electrospun Membranes

The aim of this research was to develop new electrospun membranes (EMs) based on polycaprolactone (PCL) with or without metronidazole (MET)/nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) content. New nHAP with a mean diameter of 34 nm in length was synthesized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) were used for structural characterization of precursors and EMs. The highest mechanical properties (the force at maximum load, Young’s modulus and tensile strength) were found for the PCL membranes, and these properties decreased for the other samples in the following order: 95% PCL + 5% nHAP > 80% PCL + 20% MET > 75% PCL + 5% nHAP + 20% MET. The stiffness increased with the addition of 5 wt.% nHAP. The SEM images of EMs showed randomly oriented bead-free fibers that generated a porous structure with interconnected macropores. The fiber diameter showed values between 2 and 16 µm. The fiber diameter increased with the addition of nHAP filler and decreased when MET was added. New EMs with nHAP and MET could be promising materials for guided bone regeneration or tissue engineering.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Biodegradable Poly (Glycerol-glycol-sebacate) Terpolymer

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 2075-2078
Author(s):  
Li Li Liu ◽  
Fa Cheng Yi ◽  
Wei Cai
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Biodegradable Poly

A biodegradable poly (glycerol-glycol-sebacate) terpolymer (PGGS) with different composition is prepared by a three-step method. The structure and properties of the PGGS terpolymers were characterized by means of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The experiment results indicate that the the composition of terpolymers have an obvious influence on the structure of PGGS terpolymers. The degradation rate increases with the increasing crosslink degree of PGGS.

scholarly journals Physical Mixture Interaction of Acetaminophenol with Naringenin

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Normyzatul Akmal Abd Malek ◽  
Hamizah Mohd Zaki ◽  
Mohammad Noor Jalil
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Strength ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽  
Binary Interaction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
X Ray ◽  
New Phase

The interaction of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) with other compounds will affect drugs stability, toxicity, modified dissolution profiles or may form a new compound with the different crystal structure. Acetaminophenol (APAP), the most common drug used widely (also known as Panadol) was mixed with Naringenin (NR) to glance for a new phase of interactions leading to new compound phase. The amide-acid supramolecular heterosynthon; N-H…O interaction between acid and the respective base were observed in the APAP-NR mixture blends. The interaction was prepared by the binary interaction from neat grinding and liquid-assisted grinding techniques at a different stoichiometry of binary mixture ratio of APAP-NR which were 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 molar ratio. The interaction was estimated using Group Contribution Method (GCM) and physicochemical properties were characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The GCM calculation gave good interaction strength at 212.93 MPa1/2. The ATR-FTIR, DSC and PXRD results obtained revealed an interaction with new phase formed.

scholarly journals A highly efficient and multifunctional biomass supporting Ag, Ni, and Cu nanoparticles through wetness impregnation for environmental remediation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Ali Khan ◽  
Muhammad Ismail ◽  
Yasir Anwar ◽  
Aliya Farooq ◽  
Bassam Oudh Al Johny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Cu Nanoparticles ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bactericidal Activities

Abstract Plant-based materials are reported to have a wide range of applications in the environmental and biomedical sectors. In this report, we present an economic and environmentally friendly supported turmeric powder (TP) biomass for the support of Ag, Ni and Cu nanoparticles (NPs) designated as Ag@TP, Ni@TP and Cu@TP. The in situ syntheses of the stated NPs were achieved in aqueous medium using NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The prepared NPs were applied for the degradation of o-nitrophenol (ONP), m-nitrophenol (MNP), p-nitrophenol (PNP), methyl orange (MO), Congo red (CR), rhodamine B (RB) and methylene blue (MB). Initially, Ag@TP, Ni@TP and Cu@TP were screened for the MO dye and antibacterial activity, where Ag@TP displayed the strongest catalytic activity for MO and bactericidal activities as compared to Ni@TP and Cu@TP. The quantity of metal ions adsorbed onto the TP was investigated by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The Ag@TP, Ni@TP and Cu@TP were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis.

Ageing mechanisms of the papers with zeolite and PCC fillers

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Merve Engin ◽  
Nural Yılgör ◽  
Celil Atik
Keyword(s):  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Carbonyl Groups ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Diagnosis Approach

Abstract This work has been conducted to investigate the effect of accelerated ageing on the filler-free (control) handsheets and the ones having Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) and Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) fillers. The diagnosis approach of this work has been based on the use of the techniques of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The FT-IR technique has allowed identifying the changes in cellulose components of handsheets. Likewise, the XRD technique has provided to diagnose the changes in crystallinity of the handsheets and fillers. The results found out that PCC and Zeolite fillers could be easily added to the structure of the paper network by changing various experimental variables. The loss of C−O functional groups and the formation of carbonyl groups in handsheets has been analysed by accelerated ageing. The spectroscopy results confirmed that usage of zeolite filler has a retarding and structurally improving effect on the glycosidic linkages. Recent findings have been provided new insights into the role of the synergistic effect of the combination of PCC and zeolite fillers in the decelerating of certain ageing mechanism.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Bentonit terhadap Pembentukan Fasa Polimorf dan Sifat Termal Membran Hibrida Poliviniliden Fluorida/Bentonit

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Edi Pramono ◽  
Rosid Eka Mustofa ◽  
Ozi Adi Saputra ◽  
Yulianto Adi Nugroho ◽  
Deana Wahyunigrum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Phase Formation ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Hybrid Membranes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray

<p>Kajian struktur dan degradasi termal pada membran hibrida poliviniliden fluorida (PVDF)/lempung bentonit (BNT) telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan BNT terhadap pembentukan fasa PVDF dan sifat termalnya. Membran hibrida PVDF/lempung BNT dibuat dengan metode inversi fasa. Membran yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi dengan <em>attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared</em> (ATR-FTIR), <em>x-ray diffraction</em> (XRD), dan <em>differential scanning calorimetry</em> (DSC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan membran PVDF/BNT memiliki struktur polimorf PVDF fasa α dan β yang terkonfirmasi dari data FTIR dan XRD. Data DSC menunjukkan penurunan nilai titik leleh (Tm) dengan penambahan BNT, dan dengan rentang suhu pelelehan yang lebih kecil. Kristalisasi PVDF terjadi secara isothermal dan adanya BNT menghasilkan titik kristalisasi (Tc) pada suhu yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan membran PVDF murni. Analisis termal dengan DSC memberikan informasi komprehensif pelelehan dan kristalisasi dari polimorf PVDF pada matriks membran.</p><p id="docs-internal-guid-c92edf53-7fff-cf03-76f3-f207f37c74f5" style="line-height: 1.2; text-align: justify; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;" dir="ltr"><strong>Effect of Bentonite toward Polymorph Phase Formation and Thermal Properties of Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Bentonite Hybrid Membranes. </strong>The study of the structure and thermal properties of PVDF/bentonite (BNT) hybrid membranes has been carried out. This study aims to determine the effect of BNT addition on the phase formation and thermal properties of the PVDF. In this study, PVDF/BNT hybrid membranes were prepared through the phase inversion method. The resulting membrane was characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the PVDF/BNT membrane has a PVDF polymorph structure with α and β phases confirmed by FTIR and XRD data. The DSC data showed that the addition of BNT decrease of the melting point (Tm) and with a smaller melting temperature range. PVDF polymorph crystallization occurs isothermally and the presence of BNT produces a crystallization point (Tc) at a higher temperature than pristine PVDF membrane. Thermal analysis with DSC provides comprehensive information on melting and crystallization of PVDF polymorphs in the membrane matrix.</p>

scholarly journals Analysis of Er:YAG Lased Dentin Using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared and X-ray Diffraction Techniques

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Samir BAKRY ◽  
Alireza SADR ◽  
Hidekazu TAKAHASHI ◽  
Masayuki OTSUKI ◽  
Junji TAGAMI
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray

Cold Plasma Metallization of Supported Metal Salt Layers

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Crowther ◽  
J. P. S. Badyal
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Metal Salt ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Palladium Acetate ◽  
Metallic Films ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reflectance Ftir ◽  
Plasma Reduction

Non-isothermal H2 plasma reduction of supported silver nitrate or palladium acetate leads to the formation of metallic films. This method benefits from being able to coat heat-sensitive substrates, as well as complex shaped objects, without the requirement for large amounts of solvent or complex chemical synthesis. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance-FTIR spectroscopy, and optical microscopy have been used to follow the various stages of this low temperature metallization technique.

Drug-Excipients Compatibility Studies in Proniosomal Formulation: A Case Study with Resveratrol

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 2917-2921
Author(s):  
Michele Schlich ◽  
Francesco Lai ◽  
Anna Maria Fadda ◽  
Chiara Sinico ◽  
Elena Pini
Keyword(s):  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Differential Scanning Calorimetric ◽  
Calorimetric Study ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Compatibility Studies ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Excipient Compatibility

Proniosomal drug delivery system is one of the advancements in nanotechnology. Similarly to traditional dosage forms, chemical and physical compatibility of proniosomes components with the active ingredient(s) is a key step in the preformulation process of such systems. In this work, the compatibility of resveratrol with selected excipients in the development of proniosomal formulation was investigated by thermal and spectroscopic techniques. To evaluate the drug-excipient compatibility, different techniques such as differential scanning calorimetric study, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study and powder X-ray diffraction were adopted. The results showed that the excipients used in the formulation were compatible with resveratrol.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate from Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate Catalyzed by Solid Base Catalyst Derived from Waste Carbide Slag

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jianye Wang ◽  
Zhu Wang ◽  
Haifeng Liu ◽  
Song Wang ◽  
Yifeng Sun
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Carbonate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Glycerol Carbonate ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base Catalyst ◽  
Glycerol Conversion ◽  
Carbide Slag ◽  
Calcination Method

Na2CO3 was loaded onto waste carbide slag (CS) by impregnation-calcination method to prepare the solid base catalyst, which was used to synthesize glycerol carbonate (GC) by the transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The prepared catalysts were characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunner−Emmet−Teller (BET) techniques. The catalyst 15 wt.% Na2CO3-CS-800, which was prepared by impregnating CS to the Na2CO3 solution with the concentration of 15 wt.% weight of CS and calcined at 800°C for 3 hours, showed an excellent catalytic ability. When it was applied in the catalytic synthesis of GC, 98.1% glycerol conversion and 96.0% GC yield were achieved in 90 mins at 75°C with the catalyst dosage of 3 wt.% to total reactants and the DMC to glycerol molar ratio of 5. More importantly, the loading of Na2CO3 can effectively improve the reusability of catalyst. The 15 wt.% Na2CO3-CS-800 can still achieve 83.6% glycerol conversion and 80.5% GC yield after five-time reuse. Meanwhile, under the same reaction conditions, the CS-800, which was obtained by calcining CS at 800°C for 3 hours, experienced significant activity reduction with only 15.2% glycerol conversion and 14.1% GC yield after five-time reuse. FTIR and XRD characterization revealed that CO32- might play a key role in preserving active catalytic CaO component by forming protective CaCO3 shell on the catalyst surface.

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