scholarly journals Technologies for preparation of drinking water from the low power surface water source

2018 ◽  
Vol 451 ◽  
pp. 012099
Author(s):  
Zh M Govorova ◽  
A P Svintsov ◽  
O B Govorov
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Water Source

scholarly journals Assessing efficiency of pre-ammonization aimed at reducing carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes in drinking water

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
L.A. Deryabkina ◽  
◽  
B.I. Marchenko ◽  
N.K. Plugotarenko ◽  
A.I. Yukhno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Organic Chlorine ◽  
Deep Purification

In most Russian regions there is still a pressing issue related to providing population with high quality and safe drinking water. Up to now, chlorination has been the primary technique applied to disinfect drinking water as it is highly efficient, reliable, and relatively cheap. However, when chlorine is used to disinfect natural water that contains organic pollutants, it results in risks of by-products occurrence. These products are trihalomethanes, epigenetic carcinogenesis promoters that cause elevated carcinogenic risks under oral, inhalation, and subcutaneous exposure. Our research goal was to hygienically assess efficiency of pre-ammonization applied in water treatment procedures in order to prevent occurrence of carcinogenic organic chlorine compounds during chlorination and to minimize carcinogenic risks. We determined trihalomethanes and residual chlorine contents in model samples of natural water taken from a surface water source after chlorination with different doses of chlorine. We examined 52 pair parallel samples that had undergone pre-ammonization with ammonia sulfate and control ones. Trihalomethanes concentrations were determined in model water samples with gas-liquid chromatography. Basing on the results obtained via experiments on laboratory chlorination of river water, we determined quantitative characteristics and built regression models showing dependence between concentrations of organic chlorine compounds occurring due to chlorination (chloroform, dichlorobrommethane, dibromchloromethane) and chlorine doses and preammonization parameters. It was established that pre-ammonization was the most efficient in terms of preventing trihalomethanes occurrence under such disinfection modes when contents of residual active chlorine didn’t exceed recommended levels (0.8–1.2 mg/L). Basic ways to minimize carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes are systemic control over their contents in drinking water during social and hygienic monitoring procedures; preliminary ammonization of water taken from surface water sources; prevention of unjustified hyper-chlorination; preliminary deep purification of initial water; disinfection with ultrasound radiation instead of preliminary chlorination; etc.

Waterborne epidemics in Finland in 1998-1999

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. T. Miettinen ◽  
O. Zacheus ◽  
C-H. von Bonsdorff ◽  
T. Vartiainen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Water Plant ◽  
Public Water Systems

Fourteen waterborne epidemics occurred in Finland during 1998-1999. About 7,300 illness cases were registered in these outbreaks. All except one of the waterborne epidemics were associated with undisinfected groundwaters. An equal number of waterborne epidemics occurred in public and private water systems, but most cases of illness occurred in public water systems. The three largest epidemics comprised 6,700 illness cases. Insufficient purification treatment unable to remove Norwalk-like viruses caused the only waterborne epidemic in a surface water plant. The main reasons for groundwater outbreaks were floods and surface runoffs which contaminated water. Norwalk-like viruses caused eight and Campylobacter three of the outbreaks. In two cases the epidemic ceased by the exhaustion of susceptible persons in the exposed community but in most cases it was terminated by changing the water source, boiling the drinking water, and starting chlorination.

scholarly journals Rainwater as an alternative drinking water source for the Chronic Kidney Disease Of Uncertain etiology (CKDu) prone areas: a case study for Girandurukotte, Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-548
Author(s):  
V. M. Jayasooriya ◽  
V. M. M. Perera ◽  
S. Muthukumaran
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Uncertain Etiology

Abstract Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) is a fatal disease that causes death from kidney failure due to unknown risk factors and has already affected more than 400,000 people in the rural agricultural landscape (dry zone) of Sri Lanka. The major drinking source in Sri Lanka is groundwater and it is suspected that the pollution of groundwater sources due to agricultural means has a major impact on CKDu. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether rainwater can be used as an alternative safe drinking water source in Girandurukotte area, Sri Lanka, which is known to be an area endemic for CKDu. The physical, chemical, and biological analyses were performed to compare the water quality parameters of three water sources (groundwater, surface water, and rainwater) for Girandurukotte area. The most common storage tanks in polyethylene (PE) and ferrocement (FC) were compared to assess the influence of the material of rainwater tank on water quality. The results showed that there is a significant difference in rainwater in terms of water quality compared to groundwater and surface water. Rainwater in FC and PE tanks showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for some parameters however, they were still within accepted potable drinking water standards.

scholarly journals Quality of Ground and Surface Water of Rajshahi City Area for Sustainable Drinking Water Source

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Rasul ◽  
M. S. Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
City Area ◽  
Rajshahi City

An investigation was carried out to assess the water qualities and extents of impurities in groundwater and surface water (Padma river water) in Rajshahi City area. Water samples from a total of 330 tube wells and five spots of the river Padma were analysed for physicochemical, biological and hydrological parameters with standard methods. Among all considered parameters of ground water, concentrations of arsenic, iron, manganese, total hardness, and total coliform and faecal coliform bacteria were found above the permissible limits for potable water. In case of the river Padma, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total coliform, faecal coliform and suspended solids exceeded permissible limits. Both ground and river water must be treated properly before distribution for drinking purpose. Finally, the Padma is recommended as the most sustainable drinking water source for Rajshahi City Corporation area. Keywords: Rajshahi City; Ground water; Surface water; Quality control. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i3.4093                 J. Sci. Res. 2 (3), 579-586 (2010) 

Assessment of the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium or Giardia in drinking water from a surface water source

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1333-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.F.M. Teunis ◽  
G.J. Medema ◽  
L. Kruidenier ◽  
A.H. Havelaar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Risk Of Infection

Causes of waterborne outbreaks in community water systems in Finland: 1980-1992

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lahti ◽  
L. Hiisvirta
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Chlorinated Organic Compounds ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Community Water Systems ◽  
Etiologic Agents

Finland is known as a country with thousands of unpolluted lakes and pristine groundwaters. For this reason treatment processes applied in the drinking-water industry are quite simple. These kinds of water supplies, as well as private wells, are vulnerable for accidental pollution, leading to twenty-four reported waterborne epidemics outbreaks in Finland in 1980-1992. About 40 per cent of these outbreaks were due to contaminated water from community drinking-water supplies. The number of people affected in these outbreaks was around 7 700. Contaminated groundwater was a more common cause than surface water. The majority of Finnish groundwater supplies distribute water without any treatment or only with alkalization. In most outbreaks leakage and blockage of a sewage pipe in the vicinity of a groundwater well resulted in the contamination of drinking-water. The largest of these outbreaks affected some 5 000 people. The etiologic agents in these epidemics were most probably viruses; faecal indicator bacteria and enteric viruses were detected in water samples during the epidemics. Contamination of water distribution networks due to cross-connection caused two restricted epidemics. Inadequate disinfection of surface water was the reason for three outbreaks. Two of these were caused by the same water supply in subsequent years. The raw water source for this supply was of quite a high quality, for which reason the treatment consisted only of rapid sand filtration and chlorination. For fear of the chlorinated organic compounds formed during disinfection the amount of chlorine in water treatment was reduced to a level where disinfection was inadequate, and some hundred people became ill. The etiologic agent in these outbreaks remained unknown.

Outbreak of giardiasis associated with a community drinking-water source

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. DALY ◽  
S. J. ROY ◽  
D. D. BLANEY ◽  
J. S. MANNING ◽  
V. R. HILL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Well Placement ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

SUMMARYGiardiasis is a common waterborne gastrointestinal illness. In 2007, a community giardiasis outbreak occurred in New Hampshire, USA. We conducted a cohort study to identify risk factors for giardiasis, and stool and environmental samples were analysed. Consuming tap water was significantly associated with illness (risk ratio 4·7, 95% confidence interval 1·5–14·4). Drinking-water samples were coliform-contaminated and a suspectGiardiacyst was identified in a home water filter. One well was coliform-contaminated, and testing indicated that it was potentially under the influence of surface water. The well was located 12·5 m from aGiardia-contaminated brook, although the genotype differed from clinical specimens. Local water regulations require well placement at least 15 m from surface water. This outbreak, which caused illness in 31 persons, represents the largest community drinking-water-associated giardiasis outbreak in the USA in 10 years. Adherence to well placement regulations might have prevented this outbreak.

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