scholarly journals Rainwater as an alternative drinking water source for the Chronic Kidney Disease Of Uncertain etiology (CKDu) prone areas: a case study for Girandurukotte, Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-548
Author(s):  
V. M. Jayasooriya ◽  
V. M. M. Perera ◽  
S. Muthukumaran
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Uncertain Etiology

Abstract Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) is a fatal disease that causes death from kidney failure due to unknown risk factors and has already affected more than 400,000 people in the rural agricultural landscape (dry zone) of Sri Lanka. The major drinking source in Sri Lanka is groundwater and it is suspected that the pollution of groundwater sources due to agricultural means has a major impact on CKDu. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether rainwater can be used as an alternative safe drinking water source in Girandurukotte area, Sri Lanka, which is known to be an area endemic for CKDu. The physical, chemical, and biological analyses were performed to compare the water quality parameters of three water sources (groundwater, surface water, and rainwater) for Girandurukotte area. The most common storage tanks in polyethylene (PE) and ferrocement (FC) were compared to assess the influence of the material of rainwater tank on water quality. The results showed that there is a significant difference in rainwater in terms of water quality compared to groundwater and surface water. Rainwater in FC and PE tanks showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for some parameters however, they were still within accepted potable drinking water standards.

scholarly journals Water sources and kidney function: investigating chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in a prospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Vlahos ◽  
Stephen L. Schensul ◽  
Shuchi Anand ◽  
Emma Shipley ◽  
Saranga Diyabalanage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Endemic Region

AbstractA chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has emerged with disproportionately high prevalence across dry lowland agricultural communities globally. Here we present the results of a prospective cohort of 293 patients with CKDu in the endemic region of Wilgamuwa, Sri Lanka, in whom we measured baseline kidney function and undertook quarterly follow up over 2 years. Well water was the primary historic drinking water source in the region, although a majority (68%) of participants reported switching to reverse osmosis water during study follow ups. Participants who reported ever drinking from well water had estimated glomerular filtration rates −6.7 (SD: 2.8) ml/min/1.73 m2 lower than participants who did not drink from well water historically (p = 0.0184) during the study period. Geospatial analysis identifies a cluster within the region where CKDu progression is significantly higher than the surrounding area. Samples of household wells (n = 262) indicated 68% had detectable agrochemical compounds with concentration above global water quality standards. It is expected that the detected contaminants compounds are indicators of poor water quality and that there is likely additional agrochemical exposure including commercial additives that may contribute to CKDu onset and/or progression. Thus, our study finds that well water exposure during a person’s lifetime in this region is associated with kidney function decline and identifies and quantifies putative nephrotoxic agrochemicals above safe drinking water concentrations in these wells.

scholarly journals Association of Hantavirus Infections and Leptospirosis With the Occurrence of Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka: A Prospective Study With Patients and Healthy Persons

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Sunil-Chandra ◽  
J. A. A. S. Jayaweera ◽  
W. Kumbukgolla ◽  
M. V. M. L. Jayasundara
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Hantavirus Infection ◽  
Strain Specificity ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Uncertain Etiology

Chronic Kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) has become a significant disease burden, affecting farming community of Sri Lanka and the exact etiology, which could be multifactorial, is not hitherto established. This study is aimed to determine the association of past hantavirus infection and leptospirosis with the occurrence of CKDu. A cohort (n = 179) of known CKDu patients living in high-CKDu prevalent areas of Anuradhapura district of Sri Lanka was compared with a group of 49 healthy, sex-matched younger blood relatives of CKDu patients (control-1) and another 48 healthy, age, and sex-matched individuals living in low-CKDu prevalent area (control-2) of the same district where same life style and climate conditions prevail. Fifty out of 179 (27.9%) CKDu patients, 16/49 (32.7%) of control-1 and 7/48 (14.6%) of control-2 were found positive for IgG antibodies to Puumala, Hantaan or both strains of hantaviruses. Hantaan strain specificity was found to be predominant in all study groups. Hantavirus IgG sero-prevalence of healthy individuals living in low-CKDu prevalent area was significantly lower compared to CKDu patients and healthy younger blood relatives living in high-CKDu prevalent areas (p = 0.03). Past hantavirus infection possesses a significant risk for the occurrence of CKDu (OR = 4.5; 95% CI-3.1-5.4, p = 0.02). In contrast, IgG seroprevalence to hantaviruses was not significantly different in CKDu patients and healthy younger blood relatives living in high-CKDu prevalent areas indicating past hantavirus infection has no association with the occurrence of CKDu or possibly, younger relatives may develop CKDu in subsequent years. Seroprevalence to leptospirosis showed no significant difference between CKDu patients and healthy controls.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Aetiology (CKDu) in Ulagalla Cascade, Sri Lanka

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. S. Wanasinghe ◽  
M. H. J. P. Gunarathna ◽  
H. M. P. I. K. Herath ◽  
G. Y. Jayasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Unknown Aetiology

scholarly journals Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalaivani Gobalarajah ◽  
Subramaniam Prabagar ◽  
Uthpala Jayawardena ◽  
Rasiah Gobalarajah ◽  
Subramaniam Rajendra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Arsenic Content ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

Abstract BackgroundIncrease in the number of cases in Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka has become an environmental health issue of national concern. Even though, Northern Province is not identified as a high risk province, there is an increasing trend of CKDu after the end of civil war in the Northern territory.MethodsThe present study was conducted in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District to investigate the socio demographic and clinical pattern of CKDu patients and to evaluate the quality of their water sources. The samples were selected by using stratified purposive random sampling method which represented 29% of total CKDu patients in Thunukkai Division. Pretested structured questionnaire was administrated to collect the data from CKDu patients.ResultsAmong the patients, 80% of them were male with an age range of 30-80, majority (88%) involved in farming. 26% and 20% of people were engaged in smoking and taking alcohol, respectively. 17% and 43% were suffered with diabetes and hypertension, respectively. Physicochemical characteristics of more than 50% of the water samples recorded higher electric conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness and Na levels compared to drinking water standards in Sri Lanka.ConclusionsThe association between serum creatine excreted by CKDu patients and water quality parameters were determined by using regression model, revealing a significant negative relationship with phosphate and positive relationship with Total Dissolved Solid and arsenic content of the drinking water. Thus, the study suggests, total dissolved solid and arsenic in drinking water have a positive correlation with CKDu in Thunukkai region in the Mullaitivu District.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Source Protection for Surface Water Abstractions: An Overview of the Group Water Scheme Sector in the Republic of Ireland

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2437
Author(s):  
Alec Rolston ◽  
Suzanne Linnane
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
Group Water ◽  
The Republic

Source protection is part of a multi-solution approach for the provision of safe drinking water. In the Republic of Ireland, community-led Group Water Schemes (GWS) provide treated drinking water to approximately 69,000 rural households. Between 2009 and 2019, preliminary source protection assessments were undertaken for 70 GWS abstracting from surface water sources to provide physical catchment characterisation and untreated and treated water quality analysis. Catchment areas upstream of abstraction points varied in size, with 51.5% being less than 5 km2 and only 10.7% being larger than 100 km2. The majority (91%) of assessed GWS serve a population of less than 3000 people, and 94% supply less than 1500 m3 per day. Exceedances of the EU Drinking Water Regulations were recorded for 27 parameters, with the greatest number of exceedances due to total trihalomethanes followed by microbial contamination. The most frequent recommendation for improving GWS drinking water quality was associated with managing livestock access to local water bodies. Improving stakeholder engagement represented 38% of all recommendations made. Drinking water source protection measures and catchment-scale actions can be an additional model to assist in the delivery of Integrated Catchment Management and river basin management planning in the Republic of Ireland. For the GWS sector, challenges lie in securing resources to improve both source water and drinking water quality to deliver integrated catchment management plans for source protection.

scholarly journals Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalaivani Gobalarajah ◽  
Subramaniam Prabagar ◽  
Uthpala Jayawardena ◽  
Rasiah Gobalarajah ◽  
Subramaniam Rajendra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Arsenic Content ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

Abstract Background Increase in the number of cases in Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka has become an environmental health issue of national concern. Even though, Northern Province is not identified as a high risk province, there is an increasing trend of CKDu after the end of civil war in the Northern territory. Methods The present study was conducted in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District to investigate the socio demographic and clinical pattern of CKDu patients and to evaluate the quality of their water sources. The samples were selected by using stratified purposive random sampling method which represented 29% of total CKDu patients in Thunukkai Division. Pretested structured questionnaire was administrated to collect the data from CKDu patients. Results Among the patients, 80% of them were male with an age range of 30-80, majority (88%) involved in farming. 26% and 20% of people were engaged in smoking and taking alcohol, respectively. 17% and 43% were suffered with diabetes and hypertension, respectively. Physicochemical characteristics of more than 50% of the water samples recorded higher electric conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness and Na levels compared to drinking water standards in Sri Lanka. Conclusions The association between serum creatine excreted by CKDu patients and water quality parameters were determined by using regression model, revealing a significant negative relationship with phosphate and positive relationship with Total Dissolved Solid and arsenic content of the drinking water. Thus, the study suggests, total dissolved solid and arsenic in drinking water have a positive correlation with CKDu in Thunukkai region in the Mullaitivu District.

scholarly journals Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalaivani Gobalarajah ◽  
Prabagar Subramaniam ◽  
Uthpala Apekshani Jayawardena ◽  
Gobalarajah Rasiah ◽  
Sittampalam Rajendra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Northern Province ◽  
Dissolved Solids

Abstract Background Increase in the number of cases in Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka has become a health issue of national concern. Even though, Northern Province is not identified as a high-risk province, there is an increasing trend of CKDu after the end of civil war in the Northern Province. Methods The present study was conducted in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District to investigate the socio demographic and clinical pattern of CKDu patients and to evaluate the quality of their water sources. The samples were selected by using stratified purposive random sampling method which represented 29% of total CKDu patients in Thunukkai Division. Pretested structured questionnaire was administered to collect the data from the CKDu patients. The association between serum creatinine excreted by CKDu patients and the water quality parameters were determined by using linear regression model. Results Among the patients, 80% were male with over 68% falling in the age range of 50–70. Majority (90%) were involved in agriculture related occupation. Smoking and alcohol consumption were detected as common habits among 40% of the patients. Secondarily developed, hypertension (60%) and diabetes (34%) were reported as common diseases in the area. Dug wells served as the commonest source of drinking water in the area (90% households) together with few tube wells. Physicochemistry of more than 50% of the water samples revealed higher electric conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness and Na levels compared to drinking water standards in Sri Lanka. Conclusions Serum creatinine levels of the CKDu patients were significantly and negatively correlated with phosphate while positively correlated with total dissolved solids (TDS) and arsenic content of the drinking water. Geospatial mapping of TDS and arsenic in drinking water with the occurrence of higher serum creatinine levels confirmed the same trend. Thus, the total dissolved solids and arsenic in drinking water may have positive correlation with the occurrence of CKDu in Thunukkai region in the Mullaitivu District of Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Mycotoxin Detection in Urine Samples from Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology in Sri Lanka

2011 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biruck Desalegn ◽  
Shanika Nanayakkara ◽  
Kouji H. Harada ◽  
Toshiaki Hitomi ◽  
Rohana Chandrajith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Uncertain Etiology
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