scholarly journals Series Hybrid Power Train for Automotive Application

Author(s):  
Shekaina Justin ◽  
Samia Larguesh ◽  
Wafaa Shoukry ◽  
Ghada Naif Alnemer ◽  
J Shermina

Chapter 10 presents the principles of the plug-in hybrid power train (PHEV) operation. The power trains of the battery-powered vehicle (BEV – pure electric) are close to the plug in hybrid drives. For this reason, the pure electric mode of operation of the plug in hybrid power train is very important. The vehicle’s range of driving autonomy must be extended. It means the design process has to be focused on energy economy, emphasizing electricity consumption. Simultaneously, the increasing of the battery’s capacity causes its mass and volume also to increase. Generally, it is not recommended. After many tests, one can observe the strong dependence between the proper multiple gear speed, the proper mechanical transmission adjustment, and the vehicle’s driving range, which in the case of the plug-in hybrid power train means long distance of a drive using the majority the battery’s energy. The mechanical ratio’s proper adjustment and its influence on the vehicle’s driving range autonomy is discussed in the chapter. Three types of the automatic mechanical transmission are depicted: the toothed gear (ball), the belt’s continuously variable transmission, and the planetary transmission system called the “Compact Hybrid Planetary Transmission Drive,” equipped additionally with tooth gear reducers, connected or disconnected by the specially constructed electromagnetic clutches. The number of mechanical ratios—gear speeds—depends on the vehicle’s size, mass, and function, which in the majority of cases means the maximal speed value.


Chapter 9 is devoted to simulation research showing the influence of changes of the power train’s parameters and control strategy on the vehicle’s energy consumption, depending on different driving conditions. The control strategy role is to manage how much energy, frankly speaking, how much of the torque-speed relations referring to the power alteration, are flowing to or from each component. In this way, the components of the hybrid power train have to be integrated with a control strategy, and of course, with its energetic parameters to achieve the optimal design for a given set of constraints. The hybrid power train is very complex and non-linear to its every component. One effective method of system optimization is numerical computation, the simulation, as in the case of the multivalent suboptimal procedure regarding the number of electrical mechanical drive’s elements, whose simultaneous operation is connected with the proper energy flow control. The minimization of a power train’s internal losses is the target. The quality factor is minimal energy, as well as minimal fuel and electricity consumption. The fuel consumption by the hybrid power train has to be considered in relation to the conventional propelled vehicle. First of all, the commonly chosen statistic driving cycles should be taken into consideration. Unfortunately, this is not enough. The additional tests as for the vehicle’s climbing, acceleration, and power train behavior, referring to real driving situations, are strongly recommended during the drive design process.


Chapter 4 presents an approach to obtain the power simulation model of electric machines that would be practically useful in hybrid power train simulation studies. The induction motor (AC) and the permanent magnet motor’s (PM) mathematical dynamic models are based on the necessary and fundamental knowledge conveyed in the previous chapter. These generic models are here adapted to the hybrid power train requirements, while the mechanical characteristics of the vehicle’s driving system are relegated to the background. The vector field oriented control of induction and permanent magnet motors is applied in the conducted mathematical modeling. The influence of the controlled voltage frequency is discussed as well. In the case of permanent magnet motors, the adjusted method of magnetic field weakening is very important during pulse modulation (PWM) control. The chapter presents the model of synchronous permanent motor magnetic field weakening. The basic simulation studies’ results dedicated especially to the above-mentioned electric motors are included. One of the targets of these simulations is the determination of these electric machines’ static characteristics (motor’s map) as the function: output mechanical torque versus the motors’ shaft rotational speed. This feature is indicated as the map of electric machines connected with its efficiency in a four quarterly operation (4Q), which means the operation of the motor/generator mode in two directions of the shaft rotational speed, which appears very useful in practice.


The hybrid power train is a complex system. It consists of mechanical and electrical components, and each of them is important. The evolution of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) power trains is presented from the historical point of view. This chapter discusses the selected review of the hybrid power train’s architectural engineering. It includes the development of the hybrid vehicle power train’s construction from the simple series and parallel drives to the planetary gear hybrid power trains. The fuel consumption difference between the pure Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) drive and the hybrid drive is especially emphasized. Generally, there are two main hybrid drive types that are possible to define. Both these hybrid drive types are not mainly differentiated by their power train architecture. The first is the “full hybrid” drive, which is a power train equipped with a relatively low capacity battery that is not rechargeable from an external current source, and whose battery energy balance—its State-Of-Charge (SOC)—has to be obtained. The second one is the “plug in hybrid,” which means the necessity of recharging the battery by plugging into the grid when the final State-Of-Charge (SOC) of the battery is not acceptable. Additionally, the chapter focuses on the fuel cell series hybrid power train, which is only shown because its operation and design are beyond the scope of this book.


2013 ◽  
Vol 300-301 ◽  
pp. 327-332
Author(s):  
Guo Liang Wang ◽  
Ji Ye Zhang ◽  
Xiao Hui Xu ◽  
Ming Li

A new hybrid power system with the “power grid-battery-ultracapacitor” was presented. The coupling relationship between the new hybrid power system and train driving was studied on the basis of considering the coupling relationship between train dynamics and the new hybrid power system. A traction simulation system was established. It could be used for traction simulation calculation on hybrid power train. It provided support for dynamics analysis of the new hybrid power train, design and optimization of the new hybrid power system and optimization of the train operation. In the end, traction simulation calculation for hybrid power train was done with actual line. The calculation results provided strong support for the development of the hybrid power train.


The storage unit is understood as the battery. Practically, it is true in the majority of cases. However, another type of electro-chemical energy storage unit can be considered, which is the capacitor. The most important is of course the battery and the emphasis is put on the battery’s thermal behavior, its State-Of-Charge (SOC) indication and monitoring as the background of the Battery Management System’s (BMS) design. The chapter discusses the original algorithm base of the nonlinear dynamic traction battery’s modeling, which includes the battery temperature impact factor. The battery State Of Charge (SOC) coefficient presented in this chapter has to be determined in terms of its maximal accuracy. This is very important for the control of the entire hybrid power train. The battery state of charge signal is the basic feedback in power train online control in every operation mode: pure electric, pure engine, or in the majority, the hybrid drive operation. Electro-chemical capacitors applied in hybrid power trains are commonly called super or ultra capacitors. The application of ultra capacitors in hybrid electric vehicle power trains does not seem to be a strong alternative to the batteries. The exemplary complex solution of the parallel connection of the battery and the capacitor as a means of increasing the cell’s lifetime and decreasing its load currents is also discussed in this chapter. Voltage equalization for both energy storage devices is depicted. For the ultra capacitor this is necessary.


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