Individuals with HIV-1 Subtype C Infection and Cryptococcal Meningitis Exhibit Viral Genetic Intermixing of HIV-1 Between Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid and a High Prevalence of CXCR4-Using Variants

In order to determine HIV-1 kinetics in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma in patients with cryptococcal meningitis (CM), we undertook a prospective collection of paired CSF/plasma samples from antiretroviral therapy- free HIV-infected patients with CM. Samples were obtained at baseline (S1) and at the second (S2) and third (S3) weeks of antifungal therapy. HIV-1 CSF concentrations were significantly lower in both S2 and S3 with respect to S1. Plasma concentrations remained stable. HIV-1 concentrations were higher in plasma than CSF in all cases. Patients who survived the episode of CM (but not those who died) showed a decrease in CSF viral load, what suggests different viral kinetics of HIV-1 in the CSF according to the clinical course of this opportunistic disease.

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High Prevalence of the K65R Mutation in HIV-1 Subtype C Infected Patients Failing Tenofovir-Based First-Line Regimens in South Africa

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0118145 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. e0118145 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Lindiwe Skhosana ◽

Kim Steegen ◽

Michelle Bronze ◽

Azwidowi Lukhwareni ◽

Esrom Letsoalo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Subtype C ◽

First Line ◽

K65r Mutation ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Hiv 1

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Comprehensive Characterization of HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology and Demographic History in the Brazilian Region Most Heavily Affected by AIDS

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00363-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 90 (18) ◽

pp. 8160-8168 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Tiago Gräf ◽

Hegger Machado Fritsch ◽

Rúbia Marília de Medeiros ◽

Dennis Maletich Junqueira ◽

Sabrina Esteves de Matos Almeida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Demographic History ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Viral Population ◽

Subtype C ◽

Capital Cities ◽

Subtype B ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

South Brazil

ABSTRACTThe high incidence of AIDS cases and the dominance of HIV-1 subtype C infections are two features that distinguish the HIV-1 epidemic in the two southernmost Brazilian states (Rio Grande do Sul [RS] and Santa Catarina [SC]) from the epidemic in other parts of the country. Nevertheless, previous studies on HIV molecular epidemiology were conducted mainly in capital cities, and a more comprehensive understanding of factors driving this unique epidemic in Brazil is necessary. Blood samples were collected from individuals in 13 municipalities in the Brazilian southern region. HIV-1envandpolgenes were submitted to phylogenetic analyses for assignment of subtype, and viral population phylodynamics were reconstructed by applying Skygrid and logistic coalescent models in a Bayesian analysis. A high prevalence of subtype C was observed in all sampled locations; however, an increased frequency of recombinant strains was found in RS, with evidence for new circulating forms (CRFs). In the SC state, subtype B and C epidemics were associated with distinct exposure groups. Although logistic models estimated similar growth rates for HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) and HIV-1B, a Skygrid plot reveals that the former epidemic has been expanding for a longer time. Our results highlight a consistent expansion of HIV-1C in south Brazil, and we also discuss how heterosexual and men who have sex with men (MSM) transmission chains might have impacted the current prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes in this region.IMPORTANCEThe AIDS epidemic in south Brazil is expanding rapidly, but the circumstances driving this condition are not well known. A high prevalence of HIV-1 subtype C was reported in the capital cities of this region, in contrast to the subtype B dominance in the rest of the country. This study sought to comparatively investigate the HIV-1 subtype B and C epidemics by sampling individuals from several cities in the two states with the highest AIDS incidences in Brazil. Our analyses showed distinct epidemic growth curves for the two epidemics, and we also found evidence suggesting that separate transmission chains may be impacting the viral phylodynamics and the emergence of new recombinant forms.

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Surprisingly High Prevalence of Subtype C and Specific HIV-1 Subtype/CRF Distribution in Men Having Sex With Men in Senegal

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes ◽

10.1097/qai.0b013e3181af70a4 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 249-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Halimatou Diop Ndiaye ◽

Coumba Toure-Kane ◽

Nicole Vidal ◽

Fabien Roch Niama ◽

Pape Amadou Niang-Diallo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subtype C ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Hiv 1

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High Prevalence of Cross-resistance to Rilpivirine in Subtype C HIV-1 Isolates from First-line ART Failures in South Africa

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses ◽

10.1089/aid.2014.5346.abstract ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (S1) ◽

pp. A166-A166 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kerri J. Penrose ◽

Carole L. Wallis ◽

Maritsa Scoulos-Hanson ◽

Raquel Viana ◽

John W. Mellors ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Subtype C ◽

First Line ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Hiv 1

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Biomarkers of chemotaxis and inflammation in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in individuals with HIV-1 subtype C versus B

Journal of NeuroVirology ◽

10.1007/s13365-016-0437-4 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 715-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sergio M. de Almeida ◽

◽

Indianara Rotta ◽

Yanxin Jiang ◽

Xiao Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Subtype C ◽

Hiv 1

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Serological and molecular screening for viruses in blood donors from Ntcheu, Malawi: High prevalence of HIV-1 subtype C and of markers of hepatitis B and C viruses

Journal of Medical Virology ◽

10.1002/jmv.1093 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

D. Candotti ◽

C. Mundy ◽

G. Kadewele ◽

W. Nkhoma ◽

I. Bates ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Molecular Screening ◽

Subtype C ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Hiv 1

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HIV-1C env and gag Variation in the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma of Patients with HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis in Botswana

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12121404 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1404

Author(s):

Nametso Kelentse ◽

Sikhulile Moyo ◽

Mompati L. Mogwele ◽

Doreen Ditshwanelo ◽

Baitshepi Mokaleng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Cryptococcal Meningitis ◽

Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽

Population Based ◽

Plasma Samples ◽

Plasma Virus ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Hiv Eradication ◽

Ctl Escape ◽

Hiv 1

HIV-1 compartmentalization in reservoir sites remains a barrier to complete HIV eradication. It is unclear whether there is variation in HIV-1 env and gag between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of individuals with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM). We compared HIV-1 env characteristics and the gag cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutations from CSF and plasma samples. Employing population-based Sanger sequencing, we sequenced HIV-1 env from CSF of 25 patients and plasma of 26 patients. For gag, 15 CSF and 21 plasma samples were successfully sequenced. Of these, 18 and 9 were paired env and gag CSF/plasma samples, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of CCR5-using strains in the CSF and plasma, (p = 0.50). Discordant CSF/plasma virus co-receptor use was found in 2/18 pairs (11.1%). The polymorphisms in the HIV-1 V3 loop were concordant between the two compartments. From the HIV-1 gag sequences, three pairs had discordant CTL escape mutations in three different epitopes of the nine analyzed. These findings suggest little variation in the HIV-1 env between plasma and CSF and that the CCR5-using strains predominate in both compartments. HIV-1 gag CTL escape mutations also displayed little variation in CSF and plasma suggesting similar CTL selective pressure.

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