Decontamination of Bacillus Spores with Formaldehyde Vapor Under Varied Environmental Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young W. Choi ◽  
Michelle M. Sunderman ◽  
Martha W. McCauley ◽  
William R. Richter ◽  
Zachary J. Willenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Formaldehyde Vapor ◽  
Bacillus Spores

Decontamination of Bacillus Spores with Formaldehyde Vapor Under Varied Environmental Conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 153567602092697
Author(s):  
Young W. Choi ◽  
Michelle M. Sunderman ◽  
Martha W. McCauley ◽  
William R. Richter ◽  
Zachary J. Willenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Test Chamber ◽  
Air Concentration ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Formaldehyde Vapor ◽  
Chamber Temperature ◽  
Bacillus Spores

Introduction: This effort investigated formaldehyde vapor characteristics under various environmental conditions by the analyses of air samples collected over a time-course. This knowledge will help responders achieve desired formaldehyde exposure parameters for decontamination of affected spaces after a biological contamination incident. Methods: Prescribed masses of paraformaldehyde and formalin were sublimated or evaporated, respectively, to generate formaldehyde vapor. Adsorbent cartridges were used to collect air samples from the test chamber at predetermined times. A validated method was used to extract the cartridges and analyze for formaldehyde via liquid chromatography. In addition, material demand for the formaldehyde was evaluated by inclusion of arrays of Plexiglas panels in the test chamber to determine the effect of varied surface areas within the test chamber. Temperature was controlled with a circulating water bath connected to a radiator and fan inside the chamber. Relative humidity was controlled with humidity fixed-point salt solutions and water vapor generated from evaporated water. Results: Low temperature trials (approximately 10°C) resulted in decreased formaldehyde air concentrations throughout the 48-hour time-course when compared with formaldehyde concentrations in the ambient temperature trials (approximately 22°C). The addition of clear Plexiglas panels to increase the surface area of the test chamber interior resulted in appreciable decreases of formaldehyde air concentration when compared to an empty test chamber. Conclusion: This work has shown that environmental variables and surface-to-volume ratios in the decontaminated space may affect the availability of formaldehyde in the air and, therefore, may affect decontamination effectiveness.

scholarly journals Cutaneous Anthrax—Still a Reality in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (03) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devinder Mohan Thappa
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
South America ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
South India ◽  
Soil Animal ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Cutaneous Anthrax ◽  
Bacillus Spores

AbstractAnthrax, a toxigenic zoonosis, incidentally affecting humans has become rare but endemic outbreaks still continue to occur in tropical countries like India, parts of South America, and Europe where veterinary control of livestock is marginal and environmental conditions favor an animal–soil–animal cycle. India, with its largest population of livestock in the world, continues to have anthrax outbreaks with highest incidence reported from south, and the authors have reported an outbreak of 23 cases from 1998 to 2001 from south India. Children outnumbered adults and most of them had lesions on the exposed sites. However, there is a limited documentation of anthrax outbreaks from India warranting the need for sensitizing and creating awareness among health care professionals to identify and report these cases at the earliest so that appropriate actions are taken. Anthrax continues to retain a certain fascination and notoriety because of the potential for use of the bacillus spores in biologic warfare.

Vibration Isolator System for Electron Microscope

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-183
Author(s):  
K. Ohi ◽  
M. Mizuno ◽  
T. Kasai ◽  
Y. Ohkura ◽  
K. Mizuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Vibration Isolator ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Vibration Isolators ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Electron Microscopes

In recent years, with electron microscopes coming into wider use, their installation environments do not necessarily give their performance full play. Their environmental conditions include air-conditioners, magnetic fields, and vibrations. We report a jointly developed entirely new vibration isolator which is effective against the vibrations transmitted from the floor.Conventionally, large-sized vibration isolators which need the digging of a pit have been used. These vibration isolators, however, are large present problems of installation and maintenance because of their large-size.Thus, we intended to make a vibration isolator which1) eliminates the need for changing the installation room2) eliminates the need of maintenance and3) are compact in size and easily installable.

The influence of external conditions on sound pressure in the pistonphone at the infrasound frequency range

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
A. V. Konkov ◽  
D. V. Golovin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Numerical Estimations

The influence of environmental conditions on a sound pressure reproduced by the primary method in the measuring chambers of the Pistonphone in the frequency range from 1 mHz to 250 Hz is estimated. Numerical estimations of influence of environmental conditions on sound pressure in pistonphone measuring chambers are given and special requirements to system of maintenance of required external conditions are specified.

Disentangling the role of shared ancestry and the environment on leaf stable isotopes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko J. Spasojevic ◽  
Sören Weber1
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Shared Ancestry

Stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopes in plants are important indicators of plant water use efficiency and N acquisition strategies. While often regarded as being under environmental control, there is growing evidence that evolutionary history may also shape variation in stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) among plant species. Here we examined patterns of foliar δ13C and δ15N in alpine tundra for 59 species in 20 plant families. To assess the importance of environmental controls and evolutionary history, we examined if average δ13C and δ15N predictably differed among habitat types, if individual species exhibited intraspecific trait variation (ITV) in δ13C and δ15N, and if there were a significant phylogenetic signal in δ13C and δ15N. We found that variation among habitat types in both δ13C and δ15N mirrored well-known patterns of water and nitrogen limitation. Conversely, we also found that 40% of species exhibited no ITV in δ13C and 35% of species exhibited no ITV in δ15N, suggesting that some species are under stronger evolutionary control. However, we only found a modest signal of phylogenetic conservatism in δ13C and no phylogenetic signal in δ15N suggesting that shared ancestry is a weaker driver of tundra wide variation in stable isotopes. Together, our results suggest that both evolutionary history and local environmental conditions play a role in determining variation in δ13C and δ15N and that considering both factors can help with interpreting isotope patterns in nature and with predicting which species may be able to respond to rapidly changing environmental conditions.

Freshwater Mussel (Batissa violacea) Fishery and its Value in Fiji

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimaima Lako ◽  
Nanise Kuridrani ◽  
Milika Sobey
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Freshwater Mussel ◽  
Face To Face

This paper examines the local freshwater mussel, or kai (Batissa violacea), fishery value chain, its values and contribution to the livelihood of people in Viti Levu, Fiji. The assessment was performed through face-to-face interviews, with the use of semi-structured questionnaires administered to 125 actors. A walk through the value-chain was also conducted that confirmed the sites’ environmental conditions. Results revealed that even though the kai fishery is dominated by rural women, men were also employed as kai processors, transporting agents and exporters. This fishery generated at least 58 other employments through the 500 kai harvesters within the five major provinces understudy. These were drivers, boat builders, retailers, processors, exporters, and harvesters. Three sales pathways were identified that determined the revenues and profits: (i) harvesters sell own harvests directly to the consumer at the municipal markets, (ii) harvesters sell through intermediary traders to consumers, and (iii) harvesters sell through processors to supermarkets, hotels or exporters. When revenues and profits were calculated, harvesters earned much less, compared to intermediary traders, processors, and exporters. Major constraints include continuous reduction in catch size of kai, lack of transport, and marketing at the local municipal markets that require improvements.

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