Bld10/Cep135 stabilizes basal bodies to resist cilia-generated forces

Basal bodies nucleate, anchor, and organize cilia. As the anchor for motile cilia, basal bodies must be resistant to the forces directed toward the cell as a consequence of ciliary beating. The molecules and generalized mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance of basal bodies remain to be discovered. Bld10/Cep135 is a basal body outer cartwheel domain protein that has established roles in the assembly of nascent basal bodies. We find that Bld10 protein first incorporates stably at basal bodies early during new assembly. Bld10 protein continues to accumulate at basal bodies after assembly, and we hypothesize that the full complement of Bld10 is required to stabilize basal bodies. We identify a novel mechanism for Bld10/Cep135 in basal body maintenance so that basal bodies can withstand the forces produced by motile cilia. Bld10 stabilizes basal bodies by promoting the stability of the A- and C-tubules of the basal body triplet microtubules and by properly positioning the triplet microtubule blades. The forces generated by ciliary beating promote basal body disassembly in bld10Δ cells. Thus Bld10/Cep135 acts to maintain the structural integrity of basal bodies against the forces of ciliary beating in addition to its separable role in basal body assembly.

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Asymmetrically localized proteins stabilize basal bodies against ciliary beating forces

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.201604135 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 215 (4) ◽

pp. 457-466 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Brian A. Bayless ◽

Domenico F. Galati ◽

Anthony D. Junker ◽

Chelsea B. Backer ◽

Jacek Gaertig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Basal Body ◽

Mechanical Force ◽

Basal Bodies ◽

Mechanical Forces ◽

Ciliary Beating ◽

Motile Cilia ◽

Molecular Components

Basal bodies are radially symmetric, microtubule-rich structures that nucleate and anchor motile cilia. Ciliary beating produces asymmetric mechanical forces that are resisted by basal bodies. To resist these forces, distinct regions within the basal body ultrastructure and the microtubules themselves must be stable. However, the molecular components that stabilize basal bodies remain poorly defined. Here, we determine that Fop1 functionally interacts with the established basal body stability components Bld10 and Poc1. We find that Fop1 and microtubule glutamylation incorporate into basal bodies at distinct stages of assembly, culminating in their asymmetric enrichment at specific triplet microtubule regions that are predicted to experience the greatest mechanical force from ciliary beating. Both Fop1 and microtubule glutamylation are required to stabilize basal bodies against ciliary beating forces. Our studies reveal that microtubule glutamylation and Bld10, Poc1, and Fop1 stabilize basal bodies against the forces produced by ciliary beating via distinct yet interdependent mechanisms.

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Tetrahymena Poc1 ensures proper intertriplet microtubule linkages to maintain basal body integrity

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.e16-03-0165 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (15) ◽

pp. 2394-2403 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Janet B. Meehl ◽

Brian A. Bayless ◽

Thomas H. Giddings ◽

Chad G. Pearson ◽

Mark Winey

Keyword(s):

Basal Body ◽

Electron Tomography ◽

Force Distribution ◽

Basal Bodies ◽

Unknown Mechanism ◽

Ciliary Beating ◽

Beat Pattern ◽

Motile Cilia ◽

Microtubule Structure

Basal bodies comprise nine symmetric triplet microtubules that anchor forces produced by the asymmetric beat pattern of motile cilia. The ciliopathy protein Poc1 stabilizes basal bodies through an unknown mechanism. In poc1∆ cells, electron tomography reveals subtle defects in the organization of intertriplet linkers (A-C linkers) that connect adjacent triplet microtubules. Complete triplet microtubules are lost preferentially near the posterior face of the basal body. Basal bodies that are missing triplets likely remain competent to assemble new basal bodies with nine triplet microtubules, suggesting that the mother basal body microtubule structure does not template the daughter. Our data indicate that Poc1 stabilizes basal body triplet microtubules through linkers between neighboring triplets. Without this stabilization, specific triplet microtubules within the basal body are more susceptible to loss, probably due to force distribution within the basal body during ciliary beating. This work provides insights into how the ciliopathy protein Poc1 maintains basal body integrity.

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Structural Analysis of Basal Bodies of The Isolated Oral Apparatus of Tetrahymena Pyriformis

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.6.3.679 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 679-700

Author(s):

J. WOLFE

Keyword(s):

Structural Analysis ◽

Cell Membrane ◽

Basal Body ◽

Structural Integrity ◽

Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽

Basal Plate ◽

Basal Bodies ◽

The Third ◽

Ionic Detergent

The oral apparatus of Tetrahymena pyriformis was isolated using a non-ionic detergent to disrupt the cell membrane. The mouth consists largely of basal bodies and microfilaments. Each basal body is attached to the mouth by a basal plate which is integrated into the meshwork of microfilaments that confers upon the oral apparatus its structural integrity. Each basal body is composed of 9 triplet microtubules. Two of the 3 tubules, subfibres ‘A’ and ‘B’ are composed of filamentous rows of globules with a spacing of 4.5nm. The third tubule, subfibre ‘C’, is only one-third the length of the basal body.

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Mcidas mutant mice reveal a two-step process for the specification and differentiation of multiciliated cells in mammals

10.1101/439703 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Hao Lu ◽

Priyanka Anujan ◽

Feng Zhou ◽

Yiliu Zhang ◽

Yan Ling Chong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Basal Body ◽

Target Genes ◽

Initial Step ◽

Mutant Mice ◽

Respiratory Disorder ◽

Basal Bodies ◽

Cell Cycle Regulators ◽

Multiciliated Cells ◽

Motile Cilia ◽

Body Production

ABSTRACTMotile cilia on multiciliated cells (MCCs) function in fluid clearance over epithelia. Studies with Xenopus embryos and patients with the congenital respiratory disorder reduced generation of multiple motile cilia, have implicated the nuclear protein MCIDAS (MCI), in the transcriptional regulation of MCC specification and differentiation. Recently, a paralogous protein, GMNC, was also shown to be required for MCC formation. Surprisingly, and in contrast to the presently held view, we find that Mci mutant mice can specify MCC precursors. However, these precursors cannot produce multiple basal bodies, and mature into single ciliated cells. We show that MCI is required specifically to induce deuterosome pathway components for the production of multiple basal bodies. Moreover, GMNC and MCI associate differentially with the cell-cycle regulators E2F4 and E2F5, which enables them to activate distinct sets of target genes (ciliary transcription factor genes versus genes for basal body generation). Our data establish a previously unrecognized two-step model for MCC development: GMNC functions in the initial step for MCC precursor specification. GMNC induces Mci expression, which then drives the second step of basal body production for multiciliation.SUMMARY STATEMENTWe show how two GEMININ family proteins function in mammalian multiciliated cell development: GMNC regulates precursor specification and MCIDAS induces multiple basal body formation for multiciliation.

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The molecular dynamics of subdistal appendages in multi-ciliated cells

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-20902-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hyunchul Ryu ◽

Haeryung Lee ◽

Jiyeon Lee ◽

Hyuna Noh ◽

Miram Shin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Basal Body ◽

Ependymal Cells ◽

Basal Bodies ◽

Ciliary Beating ◽

Sam Domain ◽

Adult Mice ◽

Region I ◽

Evolutionarily Conserved ◽

Basal Foot

AbstractThe motile cilia of ependymal cells coordinate their beats to facilitate a forceful and directed flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Each cilium originates from a basal body with a basal foot protruding from one side. A uniform alignment of these basal feet is crucial for the coordination of ciliary beating. The process by which the basal foot originates from subdistal appendages of the basal body, however, is unresolved. Here, we show FGFR1 Oncogene Partner (FOP) is a useful marker for delineating the transformation of a circular, unpolarized subdistal appendage into a polarized structure with a basal foot. Ankyrin repeat and SAM domain-containing protein 1A (ANKS1A) interacts with FOP to assemble region I of the basal foot. Importantly, disruption of ANKS1A reduces the size of region I. This produces an unstable basal foot, which disrupts rotational polarity and the coordinated beating of cilia in young adult mice. ANKS1A deficiency also leads to severe degeneration of the basal foot in aged mice and the detachment of cilia from their basal bodies. This role of ANKS1A in the polarization of the basal foot is evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates. Thus, ANKS1A regulates FOP to build and maintain the polarity of subdistal appendages.

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Ciliary force-responsive striated fibers promote basal body connections and cortical interactions

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.201904091 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 219 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Adam W.J. Soh ◽

Teunis J.P. van Dam ◽

Alexander J. Stemm-Wolf ◽

Andrew T. Pham ◽

Garry P. Morgan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluid Flow ◽

Steady State ◽

Basal Body ◽

Basal Bodies ◽

Cellular Motility ◽

Dynamic Regulation ◽

Normal Orientation ◽

Motile Cilia ◽

Family Loss ◽

Dependent Mechanism

Multi-ciliary arrays promote fluid flow and cellular motility using the polarized and coordinated beating of hundreds of motile cilia. Tetrahymena basal bodies (BBs) nucleate and position cilia, whereby BB-associated striated fibers (SFs) promote BB anchorage and orientation into ciliary rows. Mutants that shorten SFs cause disoriented BBs. In contrast to the cytotaxis model, we show that disoriented BBs with short SFs can regain normal orientation if SF length is restored. In addition, SFs adopt unique lengths by their shrinkage and growth to establish and maintain BB connections and cortical interactions in a ciliary force-dependent mechanism. Tetrahymena SFs comprise at least eight uniquely localizing proteins belonging to the SF-assemblin family. Loss of different proteins that localize to the SF base disrupts either SF steady-state length or ciliary force-induced SF elongation. Thus, the dynamic regulation of SFs promotes BB connections and cortical interactions to organize ciliary arrays.

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Cep97 Is Required For Centriole Structural Integrity And Cilia Formation In Drosophila

10.1101/740217 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jeroen Dobbelaere ◽

Marketa Schmidt-Cernohorska ◽

Martina Huranova ◽

Dea Slade ◽

Alexander Dammermann

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Basal Body ◽

Structural Integrity ◽

Cultured Cells ◽

Full Length ◽

Proper Function ◽

Basal Bodies ◽

Cell Divisions ◽

Cilia Formation

SUMMARYCentrioles are highly elaborate microtubule-based structures responsible for the formation of centrosomes and cilia. Despite considerable variation across species and tissues, within any given tissue their size is essentially constant [1, 2]. While the diameter of the centriole cylinder is set by the dimensions of the inner scaffolding structure of the cartwheel [3], how centriole length is set so precisely and stably maintained over many cell divisions is not well understood. Cep97 and CP110 are conserved proteins that localize to the distal end of centrioles and have been reported to limit centriole elongation in vertebrates [4, 5]. Here, we examine Cep97 function in Drosophila melanogaster. We show that Cep97 is essential for formation of full-length centrioles in multiple tissues of the fly. We further identify the microtubule deacetylase Sirt2 as a Cep97 proximity interactor. Deletion of Sirt2 likewise affects centriole size. Interestingly, so does deletion of the acetylase Atat1, indicating that loss of stabilizing acetyl marks impairs centriole integrity. Cep97 and CP110 were originally identified as inhibitors of cilia formation in vertebrate cultured cells [6] and loss of CP110 is a widely used marker of basal body maturation. In contrast, in Drosophila Cep97 is only transiently removed from basal bodies and loss of Cep97 strongly impairs ciliogenesis. Collectively, our results support a model whereby Cep97 functions as part of a protective cap that acts together with the microtubule acetylation machinery to maintain centriole stability, essential for proper function in cilium biogenesis.

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Planar polarization of cilia in the zebrafish floor-plate involves Par3-mediated posterior localization of highly motile basal bodies

10.1101/702282 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Antoine Donati ◽

Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury ◽

Christine Vesque

Keyword(s):

Cell Polarity ◽

Basal Body ◽

Planar Cell Polarity ◽

Floor Plate ◽

Basal Bodies ◽

Ciliated Epithelium ◽

Ciliary Beating ◽

Directional Flow ◽

Pulling Forces ◽

Planar Orientation

ABSTRACTTo produce a directional flow, ciliated epithelia display a uniform orientation of ciliary beating. Oriented beating requires planar cell polarity (PCP), which leads to planar orientation and asymmetric positioning of the ciliary basal body (BB) along the polarity axis. We took advantage of the polarized mono-ciliated epithelium of the embryonic zebrafish floor plate to investigate by live-imaging the dynamics and mechanisms of BB polarization. We showed that BBs, although bearing a cilium, were highly motile along the antero-posterior axis. BBs contacted both the anterior and the posterior membranes, with a bias towards posterior contacts from early somitogenesis on. Contacts exclusively occurred at junctional Par3 local enrichments or “patches” and were often preceded by transient membrane digitations extending towards the BB, suggesting focused cortical pulling forces. Accordingly, BBs and Par3 patches were linked by dynamic microtubules. We showed that Par3 became posteriorly enriched prior to BB posterior positioning and that floor plate polarization was impaired upon Par3 patches disruption triggered by Par3 or aPKC overexpression. In the PCP mutant Vangl2, where floor plate cells fail to polarize, we observed that BB were still motile but presented behavioral defects, such as ectopic contacts with lateral membranes that correlated with Par3 patch fragmentation and spreading to lateral membranes. Our data lead us to propose an unexpected function for posterior local Par3 enrichment in controlling BB asymmetric positioning downstream of the PCP pathway via a microtubule capture/shrinkage mechanism.

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Ciliary coordination in newt lung cells requires microtubule-based linkages between basal bodies: A correlative light and EM study

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100123258 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 570-571

Author(s):

Robert Hard ◽

Gerald Rupp ◽

Matthew L. Withiam-Leitch ◽

Lisa Cardamone

Keyword(s):

Basal Body ◽

Untreated Control ◽

Beat Frequency ◽

Primary Cultures ◽

Living Cells ◽

Power Stroke ◽

Ultrastructural Changes ◽

Lung Cells ◽

Basal Bodies ◽

Ciliated Cells

In a coordinated field of beating cilia, the direction of the power stroke is correlated with the orientation of basal body appendages, called basal feet. In newt lung ciliated cells, adjacent basal feet are interconnected by cold-stable microtubules (basal MTs). In the present study, we investigate the hypothesis that these basal MTs stabilize ciliary distribution and alignment. To accomplish this, newt lung primary cultures were treated with the microtubule disrupting agent, Colcemid. In newt lung cultures, cilia normally disperse in a characteristic fashion as the mucociliary epithelium migrates from the tissue explant. Four arbitrary, but progressive stages of dispersion were defined and used to monitor this redistribution process. Ciliaiy beat frequency, coordination, and dispersion were assessed for 91 hrs in untreated (control) and treated cultures. When compared to controls, cilia dispersed more rapidly and ciliary coordination decreased markedly in cultures treated with Colcemid (2 mM). Correlative LM/EM was used to assess whether these effects of Colcemid were coupled to ultrastructural changes. Living cells were defined as having coordinated or uncoordinated cilia and then were processed for transmission EM.

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Destabilizing the Structural Integrity of SARS-CoV2 Receptor Proteins by Curcumin Along with Hydroxychloroquine: An Insilco Approach for a Combination Therapy

10.26434/chemrxiv.12090438.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Akhileshwar Srivastava ◽

Divya Singh

Keyword(s):

Binding Energy ◽

Combination Therapy ◽

Receptor Binding ◽

Structural Integrity ◽

Binding Domain ◽

Receptor Binding Domain ◽

Receptor Proteins ◽

Main Protease ◽

The Stability ◽

Therapeutic Activities

Presently, an emerging disease (COVID-19) has been spreading across the world due to coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). For treatment of SARS-CoV2 infection, currently hydroxychloroquine has been suggested by researchers, but it has not been found enough effective against this virus. The present study based on in silico approaches was designed to enhance the therapeutic activities of hydroxychloroquine by using curcumin as an adjunct drug against SARS-CoV2 receptor proteins: main-protease and S1 receptor binding domain (RBD). The webserver (ANCHOR) showed the higher protein stability for both receptors with disordered score (<0.5). The molecular docking analysis revealed that the binding energy (-24.58 kcal/mol) of hydroxychloroquine was higher than curcumin (-20.47 kcal/mol) for receptor main-protease, whereas binding energy of curcumin (<a>-38.84</a> kcal/mol) had greater than hydroxychloroquine<a> (-35.87</a> kcal/mol) in case of S1 receptor binding domain. Therefore, this study suggested that the curcumin could be used as combination therapy along with hydroxychloroquine for disrupting the stability of SARS-CoV2 receptor proteins

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