Achieving Coherence: Meeting New Cognitive Demands in Technological Systems

Author(s):  
Kathleen L. Mosier ◽  
Shane T. McCauley
Author(s):  
M. Ephimia Morphew ◽  
Marvin L. Thordsen ◽  
Gary Klein

The goal of any human factors implementation is to optimize the interface between technological systems and the humans operating within them. As technological systems continue to grow in capability and complexity, knowledge of how performers operate within these systems has become more deeply embedded within the system and in the head of the operator. In high-technology, high-complexity systems used in military, nuclear power, air traffic control, and aerospace operations, demands imposed by the system interface are predominantly cognitive in nature. Techniques for uncovering the cognitive demands associated with operating these complex systems have become increasingly necessary for understanding, predicting, and optimizing human performance within them. This paper illustrates how the application of Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) and Decision-Centered Design techniques can be used to uncover and aid the cognitive processes involved with operating complex systems, and in turn, enhance human performance in complex systems. The design of a prototype display for Landing Signal Officers aboard U.S. aircraft carriers will illustrate the application of these methods. The utility of these principles, however, can be applied to any domain or environment in which humans must interface with complex technology.


Author(s):  
Margreet Vogelzang ◽  
Christiane M. Thiel ◽  
Stephanie Rosemann ◽  
Jochem W. Rieger ◽  
Esther Ruigendijk

Purpose Adults with mild-to-moderate age-related hearing loss typically exhibit issues with speech understanding, but their processing of syntactically complex sentences is not well understood. We test the hypothesis that listeners with hearing loss' difficulties with comprehension and processing of syntactically complex sentences are due to the processing of degraded input interfering with the successful processing of complex sentences. Method We performed a neuroimaging study with a sentence comprehension task, varying sentence complexity (through subject–object order and verb–arguments order) and cognitive demands (presence or absence of a secondary task) within subjects. Groups of older subjects with hearing loss ( n = 20) and age-matched normal-hearing controls ( n = 20) were tested. Results The comprehension data show effects of syntactic complexity and hearing ability, with normal-hearing controls outperforming listeners with hearing loss, seemingly more so on syntactically complex sentences. The secondary task did not influence off-line comprehension. The imaging data show effects of group, sentence complexity, and task, with listeners with hearing loss showing decreased activation in typical speech processing areas, such as the inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. No interactions between group, sentence complexity, and task were found in the neuroimaging data. Conclusions The results suggest that listeners with hearing loss process speech differently from their normal-hearing peers, possibly due to the increased demands of processing degraded auditory input. Increased cognitive demands by means of a secondary visual shape processing task influence neural sentence processing, but no evidence was found that it does so in a different way for listeners with hearing loss and normal-hearing listeners.


Author(s):  
Davina C. D. Klein ◽  
Harold F. O'Neil ◽  
Eva L. Baker

Author(s):  
A. F. Shevchenko ◽  
I. A. Manachin ◽  
B. V. Dvoskin ◽  
A. S. Vergun ◽  
S. A. Shevchenko ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
E. N. Shiryaeva ◽  
M. A. Polyakov ◽  
D. V. Terent'ev

Complexity of modern metallurgical plants, presence of great number of horizontal and vertical interactions between their various structural subdivisions makes it necessary to apply a systems analysis to elaborate effective measures for stable development of a plant operation. Among such measures, digitalization of a plant is widespread at present. To implement the digitalization it is necessary to have clear vision about links at all the levels of the technological system of a plant. A terminology quoted, accepted in the existing regulatory documents for defining of conceptions, comprising the technological system. It was shown, that the following four hierarchical levels of technological systems are distinguished: technological systems of operations, technological systems of processes, technological systems of production subdivisions and technological systems of plants. A hierarchical scheme of technological systems of hot-rolled sheet production at an integrated steel plant presented. Existing horizontal and vertical links between the basic plant’s shops shown. Peculiarities of flows of material, energy and information at the operation “rolling” of the technological system “hot rolling of a steel sheet” considered. As a technical system of the technological process of the hot rolling, the hot rolling mill was chosen. A structural diagram of the hot rolling mill was elaborated, the mill being consisted of reheating furnaces, roughing and finishing stand groups, with an intermediate roll-table between them, and down-coilers section. Since the rolling stands are the basic structural elements of the hot rolling mill, structural diagrams of a roughing and a finishing stands were elaborated. Results of the systems analysis of the technological and technical systems, hierarchically linked in the process of steel sheet hot rolling, can be applied for perfection of organization structure of the whole plant, as well as for elaboration mathematical models of a system separate elements functioning, which is a necessary condition for a plant digitalization.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (26) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Y. Y. Eglit ◽  
◽  
К. Y. Eglit ◽  
A. A. Kovtun ◽  
А. А. Golovenko ◽  
...  

The article presents the construction of logistics chains for the delivery of goods in containers. Container transport and technological systems are cost – effective, as modern vessels and transshipment equipment are used. Keywords. Containers, port, complex system, logistics, cargo, transportation.


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