Cephalochordate Nervous System

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Candiani ◽  
Mario Pestarino
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Neuronal Circuits ◽  
Serotonergic Neurons ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
System P ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peripheral Nervous Systems

The central and peripheral nervous systems of amphioxus adults and larvae are characterized by morphofunctional features relevant to understanding the origins and evolutionary history of the vertebrate CNS. Classical neuroanatomical studies are mainly on adult amphioxus, but there has been a recent focus, both by TEM and molecular methods, on the larval CNS. The latter is small and remarkably simple, and new data on the localization of glutamatergic, GABAergic/glycinergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neurons within the larval CNS are now available. In consequence, it has been possible begin the process of identifying specific neuronal circuits, including those involved in controlling larval locomotion. This is especially useful for the insights it provides into the organization of comparable circuits in the midbrain and hindbrain of vertebrates. A much better understanding of basic chordate CNS organization will eventually be possible when further experimental data will emerge.

scholarly journals Synapsin I (protein I), a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein. I. Its general distribution in synapses of the central and peripheral nervous system demonstrated by immunofluorescence in frozen and plastic sections.

1983 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 1337-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
P De Camilli ◽  
R Cameron ◽  
P Greengard
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Synapsin I ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Synaptic Region ◽  
Specific Localization ◽  
Peripheral Nervous Systems

Synapsin I (formerly referred to as protein I) is the collective name for two almost identical phosphoproteins, synapsin Ia and synapsin Ib (protein Ia and protein Ib), present in the nervous system. Synapsin I has previously been shown by immunoperoxidase studies (De Camilli, P., T. Ueda, F. E. Bloom, E. Battenberg, and P. Greengard, 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76:5977-5981; Bloom, F. E., T. Ueda, E. Battenberg, and P. Greengard, 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:5982-5986) to be a neuron-specific protein, present in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and concentrated in the synaptic region of nerve cells. In those preliminary studies, the occurrence of synapsin I could be demonstrated in only a portion of synapses. We have now carried out a detailed examination of the distribution of synapsin I immunoreactivity in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In this study we have attempted to maximize the level of resolution of immunohistochemical light microscopy images in order to estimate the proportion of immunoreactive synapses and to establish their precise distribution. Optimal results were obtained by the use of immunofluorescence in semithin sections (approximately 1 micron) prepared from Epon-embedded nonosmicated tissues after the Epon had been removed. Our results confirm the previous observations on the specific localization of synapsin I in nerve cells and synapses. In addition, the results strongly suggest that, with a few possible exceptions involving highly specialized neurons, all synapses contain synapsin I. Finally, immunocytochemical experiments indicate that synapsin I appearance in the various regions of the developing nervous system correlates topographically and temporally with the appearance of synapses. In two accompanying papers (De Camilli, P., S. M. Harris, Jr., W. B. Huttner, and P. Greengard, and Huttner, W. B., W. Schiebler, P. Greengard, and P. De Camilli, 1983, J. Cell Biol. 96:1355-1373 and 1374-1388, respectively), evidence is presented that synapsin I is specifically associated with synaptic vesicles in nerve endings.

History of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Nervous System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avindra Nath
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
System P ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
First Descriptions

It has been nearly three decades since the first descriptions of the neurological comploications of HIV infection. During this period of time there has been tremendous progress in defining the clinical syndromes, modes of diagnosis, detailed pathophysiology and modes of treatment. Many of the dreaded complications are now manageable particularly if diagnosed early. However, neurocognitive impairment associated with HIV infection still remains a significant cause of morbidity and much is needed to control; the effects of the virus on the brain and for the eventual eradication of the virus from the brain reservoir.

Cytochemical observations on the nervous system of adult Corrigia vitta

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Magee ◽  
M. Cahir ◽  
D. W. Halton ◽  
C. F. Johnston ◽  
C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Confocal Scanning ◽  
Immunocytochemical Techniques ◽  
Peripheral Nervous Systems ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser ◽  
Nerve Cords

AbstractAdult Corrigia vitta (Trematoda: Dicrocoelidea) inhabit the pancreatic duct of the fieldmouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, where, in numbers, they may occlude the duct lumen and prevent the flow of pancreatic secretions. Enzyme histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques, in conjunction with confocal scanning laser microscopy, have been used to examine the localization and distribution of cholinergic. serotoninergic (5-HT, serotonin) and peptidergic components of the nervous system of the adult worm. All three classes of neuronal mediator showed a common pattern of staining, occurring throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Of the four peptide immunoreactivities (IR) demonstrated (pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), substance P (SP), FMRFamide), PP-IR was the most predominant, occurring not only within the central ganglia and longitudinal nerve cords, but also in subtegumental plexuses and in fibres associated with the egg-forming apparatus. PYY and FMRFamide IRs were evident throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems; FMRFamide immunostaining, in particular, highlighted innervation of the ootype and immunoreactive cell bodies around the Mehlis' gland. Both SP- and 5-HT-IRs were restricted to the cerebral ganglia, ventral nerve cords and associated cell bodies. The distribution pattems of these peptides and 5-HT within the nervous system of C. vitta suggest they are likely to function as neuronal mediators. PP, PYY and FMRFamide may also serve in regulating egg production.

scholarly journals Unraveling the differential dynamics of developmental fate in central and peripheral nervous systems

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dola Sengupta ◽  
Sandip Kar
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Developmental Fate ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Peripheral Nervous Systems ◽  
Developmental Dynamics

AbstractBone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), differentially regulates the developmental lineage commitment of neural stem cells (NSC’s) in central and peripheral nervous systems. However, the precise mechanism beneath such observations still remains illusive. To decipher the intricacies of this mechanism, we propose a generic mathematical model of BMP2 driven differentiation regulation of NSC’s. The model efficiently captures the dynamics of the wild-type as well as various mutant and over-expression phenotypes for NSC’s in central nervous system. Our model predicts that the differential developmental dynamics of the NSC’s in peripheral nervous system can be reconciled by altering the relative positions of the two mutually interconnected bi-unstable switches inherently present in the steady state dynamics of the crucial developmental fate regulatory proteins as a function of BMP2 dose. This model thus provides a novel mechanistic insight and has the potential to deliver exciting therapeutic strategies for neuronal regeneration from NSC’s of different origin.

Study of the Early Telencephalon Genes of Cyclostomes as a Way to Restoring the Evolutionary History of This Unique Part of the Central Nervous System of Vertebrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 752-765
Author(s):  
G. V. Ermakova ◽  
A. V. Kucheryavyy ◽  
F. M. Eroshkin ◽  
N. Yu. Martynova ◽  
A. G. Zaraisky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Unique Part

The Divergent Evolution of Arthropod Brains

2018 ◽  
pp. 30-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Strausfeld
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Comparative Neuroanatomy ◽  
Middle Cambrian ◽  
Major Transitions ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Species

Occasionally, fossils recovered from lower and middle Cambrian sedimentary rocks contain the remains of nervous system. These residues reveal the symmetric arrangements of brain and ganglia that correspond to the ground patterns of brain and ventral ganglia of four major panarthropod clades existing today: Onychophora, Chelicerata, Myriapoda, and Pancrustacea. Comparative neuroanatomy of living species and studies of fossils suggest that highly conserved neuronal arrangements have been retained in these four lineages for more than a half billion years, despite some major transitions of neuronal architectures. This chapter will review recent explorations into the evolutionary history of the arthropod brain, concentrating on the subphylum Pancrustacea, which comprises hexapods and crustaceans, and on the subphylum Chelicerata, which includes horseshoe crabs, scorpions, and spiders. Studies of Pancrustacea illustrate some of the challenges in ascribing homology to centers that appear to have corresponding organization, whereas Chelicerata offers clear examples of both divergent cerebral evolution and convergence.

scholarly journals Neural development in Eucidaris tribuloides and the evolutionary history of the echinoid larval nervous system

2013 ◽  
Vol 377 (1) ◽  
pp. 236-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory D. Bishop ◽  
Katelyn E.A. MacNeil ◽  
Digna Patel ◽  
Valerie J. Taylor ◽  
Robert D. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Larval Nervous System ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Case Report: Persistent erectile dysfunction in a man with prolactinoma

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Badal ◽  
Ranjith Ramasamy ◽  
Tariq Hakky ◽  
Aravind Chandrashekar ◽  
Larry Lipshultz
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Erectile Function ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peripheral Nervous Systems

Erectile dysfunction has been explored as a condition secondary to elevated prolactin; however, the mechanisms by which elevated prolactin levels cause erectile dysfunction have not yet been clearly established. We here present a patient with a history of prolactinoma who suffered from persistent erectile dysfunction despite testosterone supplementation and pharmacological and surgical treatment for the prolactinoma.  Patients who have had both prolactinemia and erectile dysfunction have been reported in the literature, but we find no report of a patient with persistent erectile dysfunction in the setting of testosterone supplementation and persistent hyperprolactinemia refractory to treatment. This case provides evidence supporting the idea that suppression of erectile function occurs in both the central and peripheral nervous systems independent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

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