Health Status Measurement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mullahy
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Health Economics ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Health Status Measurement ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Measurement Issues ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
Clinical Records

Health status measurement issues arise across a wide spectrum of applications in empirical health economics research as well as in public policy, clinical, and regulatory contexts. It is fitting that economists and other researchers working in these domains devote scientific attention to the measurement of those phenomena most central to their investigations. While often accepted and used uncritically, the particular measures of health status used in empirical investigations can have sometimes subtle but nonetheless important implications for research findings and policy action. How health is characterized and measured at the individual level and how such individual-level measures are summarized to characterize the health of groups and populations are entwined considerations. Such measurement issues have become increasingly salient given the wealth of health data available from population surveys, administrative sources, and clinical records in which researchers may be confronted with competing options for how they go about characterizing and measuring health. While recent work in health economics has seen significant advances in the econometric methods used to estimate and interpret quantities like treatment effects, the literature has seen less focus on some of the central measurement issues necessarily involved in such exercises. As such, increased attention ought to be devoted to measuring and understanding health status concepts that are relevant to decision makers’ objectives as opposed to those that are merely statistically convenient.

The Moral Ground to View Poverty Is Injustice

2021 ◽  
pp. 90-96
Author(s):  
Mark Robert Rank ◽  
Lawrence M. Eppard ◽  
Heather E. Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Moral Ground ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Individual

Chapter 12 examines poverty through the lens of injustice. Poverty has traditionally been understood as a failure at the individual level. The poor have thus been viewed as undeserving of support. Examples of using the broad brush of individual blame to paint the poor as undeserving can be found across a wide spectrum. One of the pernicious results of this myth is that it provides a comfortable justification for doing nothing to address poverty. In contrast, this chapter argues that poverty is a condition resulting largely from a failure at the structural level. The appropriate moral grounds to view poverty should be one of injustice, rather than blame.

scholarly journals Contextual Effects of Social Integration and Disintegration on Health Status: Evidence from South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Bi Jo ◽  
Rang Hee Kwon ◽  
Minsoo Jung
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Contextual Effects ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Disintegration ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background: Many studies have shown that various social integration variables represented by social capital are beneficial to communities, including collective health. However, the rapid decline in fertility rates and the breakup of familyism in developed countries require a new approach to social disintegration, but the literature is insufficient. Here, we explored the contextual effects of social integration and social disintegration on the health of individuals.Methods: The research data consist of merged datasets of 6909 respondents who were quota-sampled by approximately 30 people from 229 local governments in Korea. The individual-level independent variable is a social integration measure consisting of 26 questions in four areas. The community-level independent variables are five integral and aggregate variables extracted from 81 indicators. The dependent variable is self-rated health status. Potential confounders are gender, age, annual income, educational attainment, district type, and the number of beds in medical institutions per 1,000 people.Results: The results showed that at the individual level, the higher the inclusive attitude of in- and out-of-networks, after adjusting for potential confounders, the less likely the respondent belongs to the unhealthy group (p <0.001). At the community level, the higher the proportion of single-person households in a community after adjusting for potential confounders, the less likely the respondent belongs to the unhealthy group (p <0.05). The effect size was 0.22.Conclusion: Thus far, social integration has been preferred, with the positive aspects of social capital being emphasized. However, this study shows that in some cases, social disintegration can instead positively influence an individual's health. Therefore, further studies of the various conditions of social context effects on health are necessary.Keywords: Social integration, Social disintegration, Contextual

scholarly journals Contextual Effects of Social Integration and Disintegration on Health Status: Evidence from South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Bi Jo ◽  
Rang Hee Kwon ◽  
Minsoo Jung
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Contextual Effects ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Disintegration ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background : Many studies have shown that various social integration variables represented by social capital are beneficial to communities, including collective health. However, the rapid decline in fertility rates and the breakup of familyism in developed countries require a new approach to social disintegration, but the literature is insufficient. Here, we explored the contextual effects of social integration and social disintegration on the health of individuals. Methods : The research data consist of merged datasets of 6909 respondents who were quota-sampled by approximately 30 people from 229 local governments in Korea. The individual-level independent variable is a social integration measure consisting of 26 questions in four areas. The community-level independent variables are five integral and aggregate variables extracted from 81 indicators. The dependent variable is self-rated health status. Potential confounders are gender, age, annual income, educational attainment, district type, and the number of beds in medical institutions per 1,000 people. Results : The results showed that at the individual level, the higher the inclusive attitude of in- and out-of-networks, after adjusting for potential confounders, the less likely the respondent belongs to the unhealthy group (p <0.001). At the community level, the higher the proportion of single-person households in a community after adjusting for potential confounders, the less likely the respondent belongs to the unhealthy group (p <0.05). The effect size was 0.22. Conclusion : Thus far, social integration has been preferred, with the positive aspects of social capital being emphasized. However, this study shows that in some cases, social disintegration can instead positively influence an individual's health. Therefore, further studies of the various conditions of social context effects on health are necessary.

Measuring Political Legitimacy

1992 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Stephen Weatherford
Keyword(s):  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
System Support ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Measurement Issues ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Item Wording ◽  
Level I ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Questionnaire Construction

Political legitimacy is a key concept in both macro and micro theories. Pioneers in survey-based research on alienation and system support envisioned addressing macro questions about legitimacy with the sophisticated empiricism of individual-level methodology but failed; and a succession of innovations in item wording and questionnaire construction only led to an excessive concern with measurement issues at the individual level. I return to an enumeration of the informational requirements for assessing legitimacy in hopes of finding a conceptualization that better utilizes available survey indicators to tap relevant macro dimensions. I specify formal measurement models for both conventional and revised conceptualizations of legitimacy orientations and compare the fit of the two models systematically on data from the U.S. electorate. The revised model appears preferable on both theoretical and empirical grounds.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Immigrant Rate and Health Status in the General Population in France

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 627
Author(s):  
Jeanne Perrot ◽  
Jean-François Hamel ◽  
Antoine Lamer ◽  
Mathieu Levaillant
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Multivariate Models ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Lower Death Rate ◽  
The Relationship

Mostly studied at the individual level, the analysis of immigrants’ health status at a populational level may provide a different perspective to investigate, including social determinants as part of the explanation of the relationship between them and health status in France. We analyzed freely accessible databases curated by French public bodies. The dependent variables were death rate and mean age at death. Immigrant rate and covariates associated with either of the outcomes were explored in univariate and multivariate models. Linear models were used to explain the mean age at death, whereas tobit models were used to explain the death rate. The immigrant rate varied markedly from one department to another, as did healthcare accessibility, population’s age profile, and economic covariates. Considering univariate models, almost all the studied covariates were significantly associated with comes. The immigrant rate was associated with a lower death rate and a lower age at death. In multivariate models, the immigrant rate was no longer associated with age at death but was still negatively associated with the death rate. In France, the departments with a higher proportion of immigrants were those with a lower death rate, possibly because immigrants are attracted to economically thriving areas.

scholarly journals Contextual Effects of Social Integration and Disintegration on Health Status: Evidence from South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minsoo Jung ◽  
Eun-Bi Jo ◽  
Rang Hee Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Contextual Effects ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Disintegration ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background: Many studies have shown that various social integration variables represented by social capital are beneficial to communities, including collective health. However, the rapid decline in fertility rates and the breakup of familism in developed countries require a new approach to social disintegration, but the literature is insufficient. We explored the contextual effects of social integration and social disintegration on the health of individuals.Methods: The research data consist of merged datasets of 6909 respondents who were quota-sampled by approximately 30 people from 229 local governments in Korea. The individual-level independent variable is a social integration measure consisting of 26 questions in four areas. The community-level independent variables are five integral and aggregate variables extracted from 81 indicators. The dependent variable is self-rated health status.Results: The results showed that at the individual level, the higher the inclusive attitude of in- and out-of-networks, after adjusting for potential confounders, the less likely the respondent belongs to the unhealthy group (p <0.001). At the community level, the higher the proportion of single-person households in a community after adjusting for potential confounders, the less likely the respondent belongs to the unhealthy group (p <0.05).Conclusion: Thus far, social integration has been preferred, with the positive aspects of social capital being emphasized. However, this study shows that in some cases, social disintegration can instead positively influence an individual's health. Therefore, further studies of the various conditions of social context effects on health are necessary.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

EVALUATION OF OCCURRENCE OF HYPERDONTIA IN NON-SYNDROMIC POPULATION FROM BIHAR REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Minti Kumari ◽  
Dr. Madhuri Kumari ◽  
Dr Anurag Rai ◽  
Dr. Navin Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Panoramic Radiograph ◽  
Permanent Dentition ◽  
Dental Anomalies ◽  
Supernumerary Teeth ◽  
Panoramic Radiographs ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Clinical Records

It is evident that hyperdontia is more common in the permanent dentition than in the primary. There is a considerable difference between males and females in the prevalence of these teeth in permanent dentition; hyperdontia is twice as common in males as in females. However, this approximation varies in terms of location, other associating syndromes that may be present, and the ethnicity of the individual. In terms of ethnicity, it can be seen that hyperdontia is in fact less common in Caucasian than in Asian populations. There is evidence to show that an individual is more likely to have hyperdontia if other members of their family also have the condition. Hence the present study was planned for evaluation of occurrence of hyperdontia in non-syndromic  population from Bihar Region. The present study was planned in Public Health Dentistry, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar. Total 195 patients referred to Department of Dentistry were evaluated in the present study. Panoramic radiographs and clinical records of patients above the age of 18 years and without any syndromic features were selected for the study.  All the radiographs were examined for the presence of supernumerary teeth, their location, morphology, and number. Morphologically, teeth were classified as conical, tuberculate, supplemental, and odontoma. Early diagnosis of dental anomalies can prevent some esthetic, orthodontic, and periodontal problems, and knowledge of the prevalence and distribution of the anomalies may help clinicians to the detection of these anomalies at early stages. Our study evaluated the prevalence of selected dental anomalies; future studies should investigate the prevalence of dental anomalies of all types. Keywords: Hyperdontia, non-syndromic, panoramic radiograph, supernumerary teeth, etc.

Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Edward C. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Level I ◽  
Dance Educators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

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