Islam and Iran's post-revolution War on Drugs: A Durkheimian Analysis

By applying Durkheim's last opinion in the elementary forms of religious life, this paper seeks the rationale of the Iranian war on drugs policy in religious thoughts, not penological or criminological ones. It attempts to show that the war on drugs policy originates from an understanding that attributes evilness to such criminals to prevent the disintegration of Islamic society. This approach blurs the line between "preserving Islam" and the "Islamic society," and the repressive policies are consecrated to avoid social disintegration. Our study confirms Durkheim's attitude in which sacredness is highly contagious. Following the sanctity of preserving Islamic society from the profane of drug crimes, the application of specialized mechanisms for fighting drugs would be plausible.

The social disintegration from a mixed approach of quantitative and qualitative analysis

This paper aims to analyze, through a quantitative and qualitative approach, social categories related to vulnerability. This reflection is based on the analysis of concepts that are part of the sociology of poverty, exclusion, and social vulnerability, with contributions from the theory of intersectionality and the concept of social disintegration. Through this approach, vulnerability is a plural concept that results from the intersection of social positions, life experiences, and skills. In addition to the analysis of secondary data, the characteristics of social groups in situations of vulnerability will be examined through interviews with professionals who carry out their daily monitoring. The results indicate that social vulnerability results from the intersection of socio-demographic and economic factors that weaken the educational and professional trajectory of people in situations of vulnerability, particularly about their social and emotional competencies.

Racial Disintegration: Biomedical Futurity at the Environmental Limit

Illuminating how biomedical capital invests in white and Asian American populations while divesting from Black surplus populations, this article proposes recent Asian American dystopian fiction provides a case study for analyzing futurities where healthcare infrastructures intensify racial inequality under terms that do not include race at all. Through a reading of Chang-rae Lee’s On Such a Full Sea (2014) and other texts, the article develops the term studious deracination to refer to a narrative strategy defined by an evacuated racial consciousness that is used to ironize assumptions of white universalism and uncritical postracialism. Studious deracination challenges medical discourse’s “color-blind” approach to healthcare and enables a reconsideration of comparative racialization in a moment of accelerating social disintegration and blasted landscapes. Indeed, while precision medicine promises to replace race with genomics, Asian American literature is key to showing how this “postracial” promise depends on framing racial inequality as a symptom, rather than an underlying etiology, of infrastructures of public health.

The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union and World Communism

The devastation caused by World War II on Eastern Europe, the USSR, and China, among other nations, created the conditions of social dislocation that made possible the imposition, or autonomous coming to power, of communist regimes in eight countries of Eastern Europe. Tens of millions of deaths during the war, followed by millions of dislocated people and mass population transfers, created the conditions of social disintegration that preceded communist rule.

POLEMIK PILKADA LANGSUNG DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 DALAM PRESPEKTIF SOSIOLOGI HUKUM

<p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>This study aims to examine regional head elections held in Indonesia which are carried out </em> <em>directly by the community as a form of democracy, besides this research also provides an overview of the conflicts that occur due to regional head elections held in Indonesia in particular. When the covid-19 virus pandemic occurred which caused turmoil in the community. The process of regional head elections in Indonesia is part of the mandate of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which is carried out democratically through the general election system using the principles of direct, free, secret, honest and fair, so that the Indonesian government continues to carry out its exit from regional head elections. providing all the protection. law to respond to turmoil in society. These various problems are interesting to study in the context of sociology of law, which is part of the science to study the relationship between law and society. This research is a normative legal research which is descriptive analysis with a case and invitation approach. The results showed that there were many positive and negative impacts of direct regional elections in Indonesia and there were several obstacles in the implementation of the elections that caused social disintegration and social unrest, especially in the midst of the outbreak of this corona outbreak. so the necessary legal changes are unnecessary. Invincible to people’s needs.</em></p><p><strong><em></em></strong><em><br /></em></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tentang pemilihan kepala daerah yang dilaksanakan di Indonesia yang dilakukan secara langsung oleh masyarakat sebagai bentuk wujud dari negara demokrasi, selain itu penelitian ini juga memberikan gambaran mengenai konflik-konflik yang terjadi akibat pemilihan kepala daerah yang dilakukan di Indonesia, terutama pada saat pandemi virus covid-19 yang menimbulkan gejolak dimasyarakat. Mengingat proses pemilihan kepala daerah di Indonesia merupakan bagian dari amanah Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia yang dilakukan secara demokratis melalui sistem pemilihan umum dengan menggunakan asas langsung, umum, bebas, rahasia, jujur, dan adil maka pemerintah Indonesia tetap melaksanakan pemilihan kepala daerah dengan memberikan segala perlindungan hukum untuk menjawab gejolak dimasyarakat. Berbagai permasalahan tersebut menarik untuk dikaji dari segi sosiologi hukum yang merupakan bagian ilmu pengetahuan untuk mempelajari hubungan timbal balik antara hukum dan masyarakat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat diskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan kasus. Hasil penelitian, menunjukan bahwa banyak dampak positif dan negatif akibat pemilihan kepala daerah yang dilakukan secara langsung di Indonesia serta terdapat beberapa permasalahan dalam penyelenggaraan pemilihan kepala daerah yang menimbulkan disintegritas sosial masyarakat dan gejolak sosial terutama di tengah wabah corona ini, sehingga diperlukan perubahan tatanan hukum yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat.</p><p> </p>

Social disintegration in Hungary from change of regime until present day in the light of self-sufficient farming

Income distribution reveals individuals who are the most successful making a significant income and the ones who are earning less. This distribution also shows the ratio of high and low incomes, and how both relate to the total income of all citizens. We examine the change of income and earnings over time in Hungary after the regime change of the 1990s. The country has struggled with difficulties of the capitalist system, which caused a significant social divide over the past 30 years. In addition to the continuous thinning of the middle class, the proportion of the lagging part of the society has swelled considerably. On the long run, this phenomenon not only a hindered the economic growth, but also represented an obstacle to meeting the basic needs of a large segment of population. Subsistence farming can provide an income supplement to the lagging strata and can support mitigation of the increasing effects of climate change by creating an ecologically sustainable and flexibly designed mosaic production structure. Our study should serve as a warning and support for both developed countries with advanced economic-social system and developing countries, as well.

Social Cohesion: Methods of Analysis and Ways of Achievement

The article is devoted to the issues of social cohesion, its conceptual foundations, and measurement methods that allow expanding the possibilities of studying the consequences of poverty and social inequality that lead to social disintegration of society. Trends in working conditions from the perspective of labour income, access to social protection systems, and stable employment are considered. Special attention is paid to the categories «social cohesion», «social disintegration», «life chances», methods of their classification and methodological relationships. It reflects the positions of international organizations, Western and domestic scientists on the phenomenon of social cohesion, the relevance of which in the life of modern societies is currently increasing. Existing and proposed methods of assessing social cohesion, social disintegration, and life chances can be used to analyze the effectiveness of social policy, allowing them to identify real opportunities to achieve certain levels of material well-being and quality of life for the most typical population groups by income levels, education, and duration of employment in professional groups. This provides a more accurate analysis of opportunities to achieve a higher level of education, social status, access to quality medical care, and reliable insurance institutions. The degree of access of individuals to knowledge, social services, employment, and social networks reflects not only their potential opportunities that can be realized in the future, but also describes the current state of Affairs: an uneven distribution of resources that generates poverty and social disunity. The triad of «poverty – social inequality – life chances» is considered in a union context to develop recommendations for improving social policy.

Central banking beyond inflation

The world around central banks has shifted. Europe is confronting an unprecedented combination of environmental, economic, and social challenges. Reducing carbon emissions to zero fast enough to avoid catastrophic global warming is difficult; doing so while also reducing economic inequality so as to avert social disintegration and democratic backsliding is very difficult. Addressing this twin challenge will require the state – and the European Union – to deploy all economic policy instruments already at its disposal, and to develop new ones and coordinate their use in new ways. The paper proceeds in three steps. The first section discusses three distinct challenges – legal, political, and ideational – for the debate on the future of central banking. The remainder of the paper will tackle the two main ideational challenges, namely, institutional amnesia (forgetting past realities of central banking) and strategic ignorance (ignoring present realities of central banking). To overcome institutional amnesia, the second section briefly reviews the history of central banking, showing that the price stability is only one of several goals that central banking has, historically, been associated with. To overcome strategic ignorance, the third section reviews three mandate-remote, or ‘extracurricular’ areas of recent ECB activity.

Gating as exclusionary commoning in a post-socialist city

New-build gated condominiums at the periphery of a post-socialist city are a well-studiedphenomenon. However, in Poland, recent years have seen an expansion of residential gating into oldinner-city neighbourhoods and socialist large housing estates. The resulting fragmentation andprivatisation of public space have raised much controversy and debate on appropriation of urbancommon good. This paper presents outcomes of a research on the changing discourse of gating inGdańsk, based on a discourse analysis of newspaper articles and interviews with key urbanstakeholders. On the one hand, gating is seen as an anti-commoning practice criticised for its elitistcharacter and undesirable socio-spatial consequences. On the other, a narrative of exclusionarycommons has emerged to justify the need of gating in specific cases. Considering the varyingmotivations and types of gating in different urban areas, the authors have attempted a classification,relating gating practices to commoning strategies and their justification in localities typicallycharacterised by atomistic individualism and social disintegration.

Employment Integration at Any Cost?

This chapter discusses Germany's 2016 Integration Act, specifically the “Flüchtlingsintegrationsmaßnahmen” [Refugee Integration Measures], or abbreviated, the FIM program, as a case study to explore how integration measures affect social mobility of persons seeking protection. The chapter draws on interviews with 28 persons seeking protection (including refugees, otherwise protected, and asylum-seekers) and 10 representatives of non-governmental organizations working in the context of forced migration in Stuttgart and Regensburg, Germany. The collected data speaks to perceptions, challenges, and opportunities of the FIM program, as well as experiences of discrimination. By analyzing this empirical data and situating it in discourse on social mobility, the author shows that employment integration ‘at any cost', as exemplified by the FIM program, reinforces social disintegration and ethnic stratification.