Penutian Languages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Grant
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Western North America

The Penutian language family, Penutian phylum, or better still, Penutian hypothesis is one of the largest genealogical linguistic groupings to have been proposed for western North America. It involves 16 families or isolates. Only a few of these families are demonstrably relatable to one another according to current knowledge and diachronic techniques. Sometimes Penutian is split by observers into groups of languages assumed to be interrelated, and this is done without assumptions that the groups themselves are interrelated. This article focuses on the Canadian and US languages in “Sapir’s Penutian,” the most commonly accepted version; the most southerly family within Penutian is thus held as Yokutsan of California’s Sierra Nevada. It discusses the subclassification of the so-called Penutian languages into families and smaller units; aspects of their phonology, morphosyntax, and contact histories; and issues in their revitalization and the potential reconstruction of Proto-Penutian.

Millennial-scale variations in western Sierra Nevada precipitation during the last glacial cycle MIS 4/3 transition

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 236-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Oster ◽  
Isabel P. Montañez ◽  
Regina Mertz-Kraus ◽  
Warren D. Sharp ◽  
Greg M. Stock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Western Slope ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Glacial Cycle ◽  
Climatic Response ◽  
Last Glacial ◽  
Mis 3 ◽  
Heinrich Event ◽  
The Last Glacial

AbstractDansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) cycles had far-reaching effects on Northern Hemisphere and tropical climate systems during the last glacial period, yet the climatic response to D–O cycles in western North America is controversial, especially prior to 55 ka. We document changes in precipitation along the western slope of the central Sierra Nevada during early Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages (MIS) 3 and 4 (55–67 ka) from a U-series dated speleothem record from McLean's Cave. The timing of our multi-proxy geochemical dataset is coeval with D–O interstadials (15–18) and stadials, including Heinrich Event 6. The McLean's Cave stalagmite indicates warmer and drier conditions during Greenland interstadials (GISs 15–18), signified by elevated δ18O, δ13C, reflectance, and trace element concentrations, and less radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr. Our record extends evidence of a strong linkage between high-latitude warming and reduced precipitation in western North America to early MIS 3 and MIS 4. This record shows that the linkage persists in diverse global climate states, and documents the nature of the climatic response in central California to Heinrich Event 6.

Chronostratigraphy of glaciations and permafrost episodes in the Cordillera of western North America

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
Radiometric Dating ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Quaternary Period ◽  
Cold Events

Glaciations in the Cordillera of western North America began during the Late Miocene in the St Elias Range and coastal ranges near Anchorage, Alaska. Radiometric dating of the tephra and lava flows intercalated in the succession of older tills, loesses and outwash deposits permits the reconstruction of the probable early glacial sequence along the Cordillera. No one site shows the complete sequence, but the available data suggest synchroneity of the major glacial events throughout the region. The first evidence for cold conditions at low elevations at midlatitudes is from 3.5 Ma BP. By 2.8 Ma, alpine glaciations may have occurred in the Sierra Nevada and ice wedges had formed in bedrock near Fairbanks, Alaska. Three more major glaciations complete with contemporary periglacial and permafrost landforms had occurred by 1.65 Ma, while at least six more major cold events can be recognized during the Quaternary period. Once again, expansion of permafrost conditions occurred during each event and forms an integral part of the evidence for climatic change.

Genetics of Cronartium ribicola. IV. Population structure in western North America

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B Kinloch, Jr. ◽  
Robert D Westfall ◽  
Eleanor E White ◽  
Matthew A Gitzendanner ◽  
Gayle E Dupper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Polymorphic Locus ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Multiple Alleles

Population genetic parameters were estimated for six populations of Cronartium ribicola in western North America from British Columbia to the southern Sierra Nevada, and two outgroups from eastern North America, using isozyme, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers on cultured haploid clones. Diversity was low, with only 8% polymorphism in the 212 markers identified. Each polymorphic locus had only two alleles, except for an RFLP marker in the ribosomal DNA complex with multiple alleles, that resulted from variable numbers of tandem repeats. Expected heterozygosity within populations, estimated from diploid teliospores, was only 0.025. The three types of markers were highly consistent with each other for these parameters. Yet, populations were highly differentiated; the proportion of the total variation attributable to differences among populations was 0.205. Multivariate statistical analysis as well as different clustering algorithms based on contrasting evolutionary assumptions (drift, mutation) all showed similar relationships and differences among populations. Genetic distances were not associated with geographic distances; western populations within a few kilometres of each other were often more distant from each other genetically than they were from eastern populations across the continent. The lack of pattern over the landscape of this metapopulation is consistent with aspects of the life cycle and epidemiological behavior of the pathogen, in which genetic drift appears to play a major role.Key words: white pine blister rust, isozymes, RAPDs, RFLPs, multivariate analysis, genetic drift.

The milliped order Callipodida in western North America (Schizopetalidae: Tynommatinae), and a summary of the New World fauna

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowland M. Shelley
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Washington County ◽  
New Localities

AbstractIn western North America, the milliped order Callipodida is represented by the Colactidini, Tynommatini stat. n., and Diactidini tribus n., in the subfamily Tynommatinae, family Schizopetalidae; a coordinate tribe, the Texophonini, occurs on the Gulf Coast of south Texas. The Tynommatini consists of two genera and four species: Tynomma mutans (Chamberlin), T. magnum Buckett & Gardner, and T. gardneri sp. n., occurring around Monterey and San Pablo/San Francisco Bays, California, and Idrionaria dineh gen. n. & sp. n., in Washington County, Utah. The Colactidini ranges from Durango, Mexico, to central Utah and California east of the Sierra Nevada, with disjunct areas in southern California and Baja California, the latter extending northward to metropolitan San Diego. It is represented by two genera and 6 species: Colactis Loomis: C. tiburona (Chamberlin), utorum (Chamberlin), and protenta and quadrata, both by Loomis; and Heptium Loomis: H. carinellum and scamillatum, both by Loomis. The Diactidini, occupying coastal southern California and the adjacent fringe of Baja California, is comprised of three genera and 10 species: Diactis Loomis: D. soleata, triangula, and frondifera, all by Loomis, and amniscela, cupola, jacinto, procera, and strumella, all spp. n.; Florea sinuata gen. n. & sp. n.; and Caliactis bistolata gen. n. & sp. n. The following new synonymies are proposed: C. yuma Chamberlin, sideralis Loomis, and loomisi Hoffman under C. tiburona; C. briggsi Shear and saxetana and baboquivari, both by Loomis, under C. utorum; H. canum Chamberlin under H. carinellum; and Etiron paroicum and pearcei, both by Chamberlin, under D. triangula and T. mutans, respectively. The eastern Nearctic callipodid fauna is summarized and significant new localities are reported; Tetracion antraeum Hoffman, stat. n., is elevated from a subspecies of T. jonesi Hoffman.

scholarly journals Distribution of Surging Glaciers in Western North America

1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (53) ◽  
pp. 229-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Post
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Cascade Range ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Alaska Range ◽  
Coast Mountains ◽  
Glacier Bay ◽  
Olympic Mountains ◽  
Restricted Distribution

In western North America 204 surging glaciers have been identified by aerial photographic observations. These glaciers exhibit either intense crevassing and rapid ice displacements during surges or distinctive surface features which have resulted from past surges. Distribution of these unusual glaciers is not random throughout the glacierized areas, as they occur only in the Alaska Range, eastern Wrangell Mountains, eastern Chugach Mountains, Icefield Ranges, and the St Elias Mountains near Yakutat and Glacier Bay. No surging glaciers have been identified in the Brooks Range, Kenai Mountains, west and central Chugach Mountains, west and central Wrangell Mountains, Coast Mountains, Rocky Mountains, Cascade Range, Olympic Mountains, or Sierra Nevada. No definite reason for this restricted distribution is apparent. Surging glaciers are found in maritime to continental and temperate to subpolar environments. Practically all physical forms of glaciers are represented. The restricted distribution does not relate to topography, bedrock type, altitude, orientation, or size of glacier. Some surging glaciers are associated with fault-related valleys, but neither recent faulting nor earthquakes have initiated surge activity. Possible causes for the limited distribution of surges are unusual bedrock roughness or permeability in certain areas, anomalously high ground-water temperatures, and/or abnormal geothermal heat flow.

scholarly journals Distribution of Surging Glaciers in Western North America

1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (53) ◽  
pp. 229-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Post
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Cascade Range ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Alaska Range ◽  
Coast Mountains ◽  
Glacier Bay ◽  
Olympic Mountains ◽  
Restricted Distribution

In western North America 204 surging glaciers have been identified by aerial photographic observations. These glaciers exhibit either intense crevassing and rapid ice displacements during surges or distinctive surface features which have resulted from past surges. Distribution of these unusual glaciers is not random throughout the glacierized areas, as they occur only in the Alaska Range, eastern Wrangell Mountains, eastern Chugach Mountains, Icefield Ranges, and the St Elias Mountains near Yakutat and Glacier Bay. No surging glaciers have been identified in the Brooks Range, Kenai Mountains, west and central Chugach Mountains, west and central Wrangell Mountains, Coast Mountains, Rocky Mountains, Cascade Range, Olympic Mountains, or Sierra Nevada. No definite reason for this restricted distribution is apparent. Surging glaciers are found in maritime to continental and temperate to subpolar environments. Practically all physical forms of glaciers are represented. The restricted distribution does not relate to topography, bedrock type, altitude, orientation, or size of glacier. Some surging glaciers are associated with fault-related valleys, but neither recent faulting nor earthquakes have initiated surge activity. Possible causes for the limited distribution of surges are unusual bedrock roughness or permeability in certain areas, anomalously high ground-water temperatures, and/or abnormal geothermal heat flow.

EFFECTS OF ATTRACTANT COMPOSITION AND RELEASE RATE ON ATTRACTION OF MALE CHORISTONEURA RETINIANA, C. OCCIDENTALS, AND C. CARNANA (LEPIDOPTERA : TORTRICIDAE)

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Liebhold ◽  
W. Jan A. Volney
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Trap Catch ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Pheromone Components ◽  
Attractant Pheromone ◽  
Choristoneura Retiniana

AbstractAttraction of male Choristoneura spp. to various mixtures of the pheromone components of C. occidentalis Freeman and C. retiniana (Walsingham) released at various rates was evaluated at several sites in western North America. At all but 1 location, male trap capture increased with progressively greater release rates of a 92:8 mixture of (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenals (TDALs), previously identified as active components of the attractant pheromone of C. occidentalis. Similarly, trap catch was positively correlated with release rate of an 84:7:8:1 mixture of (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetates and (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenols (1:0.1 TDACs:TDOLs), previously identified as active components of the attractant pheromone of C. retiniana. All release rates of TDALs attracted only C. carnana (C. occidentalis and C. carnana probably are subspecies of the same species) in the central Sierra Nevada, but in the southern Cascades all but the lowest release rate of TDALs attracted significant numbers of males classified as C. retiniana in addition to those classified as C. occidentalis. At all locations, 1:0.1 TDACs: TDOLs exhibited complete species specificity, attracting only C. retiniana at all release rates tested. The 1:0.1 ratio of TDACs: TDOLs was the most attractive mixture of these components to C. retiniana. Addition of 1:0.1 TDACs: TDOLs did not significantly affect attraction of C. carnana to TDALs. However addition of TDALs significantly decreased attraction of C. retiniana to 1:0.1 TDACs:TDOLs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document