The Ghetto: A Very Short Introduction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Cheyette
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
History Of ◽  
Single Idea

The Ghetto: A Very Short Introduction provides an overview of the history of the ghetto, focusing on specific times and places throughout history. Is the ghetto real or imagined? The word ‘ghetto’ would not have existed without 16th-century Italian economic interests, which led to the policy of placing the Jewish population in enclosed enclaves in around twenty-four Italian towns and cities. During the Holocaust, there were many hundreds of Nazi ghettos in Eastern Europe varying in size, duration, and purpose. The history of the ghetto was adopted by African-Americans in the mid-20th century and is still used to describe both the concrete and abstract qualities of segregated urban life. There is no single idea or place which encompasses ‘the ghetto’.

scholarly journals ACCESSION OF KAZAN KHANATE TO RUSSIA IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS OF THE MIDDLE 20th CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Petukhov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Political Tradition ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cold War

The article analyzes the views of American historians of the middle 20th century on the problem of accession of Kazan Khanate to Russia. Studies on the history of Russian foreign policy have become relevant in the West with the beginning of the «cold war», the purpose of these studies was the need to identify the historical origins of «expansionist» foreign policy of the USSR and Russia. Searching the roots of “Russian expansionism”, Western science of the middle 20th century came to the conclusion about the non-European character of the Russian statehood, about Byzantine and Mongolian origins of the Russian state ideology, which substantiated its claim to world domination. Harvard University historians specializing in the history of Russia and the countries of Eastern Europe, in their works developed the concept of dual nature of the Russian state foreign policy ideology in the middle 16th century. On the one hand, this ideology was based on the Mongolian political tradition inherited from the Golden Horde. On the other hand, Russian ideology was influenced by the Byzantine political tradition. In the works of E. Keenan and Ya. Pelenski’s accession of Kazan Khanate to Russia was presented as the first embodiment in practice of Moscow rulers’ claims to dominate in the political space of Eastern Europe. At the same time, Kazan’s accession was a powerful impetus for the formation of the Russian state ideology, which was based on historical, dynastic, national and religious justifications for the claims to Kazan Khanate. Raised in the works of American historians, questions about Russian political culture and ideology of the 16th century, their reflection in the sources and interpretation of ideas by modern researchers maintain their scientific relevance today.

scholarly journals On Becoming a Non-Jewish Holocaust Writer: Yann Martel’s Beatrice and Virgil

Humanities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Rachel F. Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Jewish Identity ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Holocaust Memory ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The World ◽  
Family Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Origins

To appraise Martel’s non-Jewish perspective of Holocaust thematic, it is important to assess it in the context of the Jewish relations with the Holocaust. Even though the Jewish claim to the uniqueness of the Holocaust has been disputed since the end of the war especially in Eastern Europe, the Jewish response determined to a large extent the reception of the disaster on the global scene. On a family level, the children of survivors have identified themselves as the legitimate heirs of the unknowable experience of their parents. On a collective level, the decree of Jewish annihilation constructed a Jewish identity that imposed an obligation to keep the Holocaust memory in the consciousness of the world. Martel proposes to supersede the history of the Holocaust with a story which would downplay the Jewish filiation with the Holocaust, elicit an affiliative response to the event of the non-Jewish writer and consequently integrate it into the memory of humanity at large. However, the Holocaust theme of Beatrice and Virgil refuses to assimilate within the general memory of humanity; rather, the consciousness of the event, which pervades the post-Holocaust world, insists on its constant presence. The omnipresence of the Holocaust blurs the distinctions between the filiative (Jewish) and affiliative (non-Jewish) attitudes toward the Jewish tragedy, gripping the writer in its transcendent horror. Disregarding his ethnic or religious origins, the Holocaust takes over the writer’s personal life and determines his story.

Bełżec

2000 ◽  
pp. 268-289
Author(s):  
Rudolf Reder
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Population ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Death Camp ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
General Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Considerable Detail

This chapter looks at the testimony of Rudolf Reder, a survivor of Bełżec death camp. Bełżec murder camp was the first camp set up by Aktion Reinhard, an operation whose purpose was to dispose, in the least obtrusive manner, of the Jewish population of the General Government and adjacent countries under Nazi rule. Into this camp, Rudolf Reder was brought with one of the first transports of Jews from Lemberg caught during the great Aktion. Reder arrived in Bełżec at the height of the camp's activity. Because of his position as odd-job man, he was allowed considerable freedom of movement. He was therefore able to describe the camp, its installations, and its functioning in considerable detail. But his story is also the deeply harrowing account of someone who witnessed with horror the slaughter of innocents which went on day after day. And this, together with the relevant details which, without his description, might have remained forever obscure, make Reder's booklet, Bełżec (1946), a unique document of this terrible but little-known chapter in the history of the Holocaust.

scholarly journals Historical Surgical Treatments in Polish Veterinary Medicine

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1487
Author(s):  
Slawomir Gonkowski ◽  
Liliana Rytel ◽  
Krystyna Makowska ◽  
Jaroslaw Calka
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Humoral Theory ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Surgical Treatments

Several methods of surgical treatments have been used in the history of Polish veterinary medicine, many of which have now been forgotten. In the present study, a review was conducted of Polish-language veterinary medicine books published from the 16th century (when the first books in Polish were printed) to the 20th century. The article contains a description of the most popular surgical methods used in animal treatment in Poland over the centuries including, among others, bloodletting, setons, fonticulus and cauterization. This article reviews historical veterinary methods and traces the development of Polish veterinary medicine from ancient cures often based on humoral theory to a modern branch of biologic science.

Spelling Shinzwani

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet Joseph Ottenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Literacy Identity

This paper surveys the history of dictionary construction and orthographic choice in the Comoros — a former French colony in the Indian Ocean — with special reference to issues of literacy, identity, and politics. Evidence ranging from 16th century wordlists to contemporary bilingual/bidirectional dictionaries, as well as colonial, missionary, and scholarly approaches to lexicography and orthography in the Comoros, are examined and compared. While Arabic-influenced writing systems have a long history in the Comoros, the experiences of colonialism and independence in the 20th century introduced French- and phonemically-influenced systems. As the Comoros move into the 21st century, linguists and ethnographers are attempting to assist with questions of standardization, literacy, and dictionary construction. The situation remains fluid, with considerations of tradition, modernity, nationalism, and representation to be taken into account. This paper seeks to address the complex interrelationships between orthographic choice and ethnic identity in the Comoros, with special reference to the development of the first bilingual/bidirectional Shinzwani-English dictionary.

THE HISTORY OF THE PIONEER ORGANIZATION FORMATION IN THE COUNTRYSIDE IN THE MID-TWENTIES OF THE 20th CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-180
Author(s):  
L.N. ORLOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
History Of

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the history of the pioneer organization formation in the countryside during the mid-twenties of the twentieth century. The author examines individual issues of the pioneer organization formation in the countryside in the mid-twenties of the twentieth century. The materials of congresses, plenums, conferences of the RLKSM on solving problems of work in the countryside are analyzed. The materials of the study of peasant children parents’ opinions of that time on the issue of joining the pioneer organization are presented. The main directions of this work are considered, including the dissemination of elementary agronomic knowledge among children, participation in the re-election of village councils, the organization of children's leisure, the protection of the economic interests of young farm laborers.

Hitler's Jewish Refugees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
South America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Jewish Refugees ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
History Of ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

This book describes the experience of Jewish refugees as they fled Hitler to live in limbo in Portugal until they could reach safer havens abroad. As the Nazis launched the Holocaust, Lisbon emerged as the best way station for Jews to escape Europe for North and South America. Jewish refugees had begun fleeing the continent in the mid-1930s from ports closer to home. But after Germany defeated Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France, and Italy joined the war, all in the spring of 1940, Lisbon became the port of departure from Europe. Jewish refugees from western and eastern Europe aimed for Portugal. An emotional history of fleeing, the book probes how specific locations touched refugees' inner lives, including the borders they nervously crossed or the overcrowded transatlantic ships that signaled their liberation.

Cape Town’s “Day Zero” Drought: Notes on a Future History of Urban Dwelling

2021 ◽  
pp. 120633122199769
Author(s):  
Nick Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Complex Object ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Water Wars ◽  
History Of

Taking the events of Cape Town’s “Day Zero” drought as a case study, this article examines the politics and poetics of water in the Anthropocene and the implications of Anthropogenic climate change for urban life. It argues that rather than being understood as an inert resource, fresh drinking water is a complex object constructed at the intersection between natural systems; cultural imaginaries; and social, political, and economic interests. The extraordinary events of Day Zero raised the specter of Mad Max–style water wars. They also led to the development of new forms of solidarity, with water acting as a social leveler. The article argues that events in Cape Town open a window onto the future, to the extent that they tell us something about what happens when the added stresses of climate change are mapped onto already-contested social and political situations. They also underline the precarious nature of many of our urban arrangements. This sense of the precarious is likely to extend beyond the case of Cape Town and to be an abiding feature of urban life as we journey deeper into the Anthropocene/Capitalocene.

scholarly journals The First Edition of the ars minor of Manuel Álvares’ De institvtione grammatica libri tres (Lisbon, 1573)

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Kemmler
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Publishing History ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Summary Based on a hitherto unknown copy of Manuel Álvares’ (1526–1583) very significant Latin grammar Emmanvelis Alvari è Societate Iesv de institvtione grammatica libri tres (Lisbon, 1573), this paper presents the first edition of what the author himself (in a Spanish letter to his superior in Rome) once called ‘arte pequeña’. Additionally, the present paper exploits the distinction of ars minor vs. ars maior as a means of investigating the separate publishing history of the student’s textbook (Álvares 1573a) in comparison to the teacher’s handbook (Álvares 1572), thus enabling a better understanding of the impact these two grammars have had all over the world from the 16th century to the 20th century.

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