1. Geology or biology?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Charles Sheppard
Keyword(s):  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
The World ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Similar Depth ◽  
Huge Variety

For centuries, reefs were used and valued for their food and shelter from storms, though for mariners they were a constant danger to be avoided because of their position at shallow depths in tropical seas. Scientific understanding started with European travellers trading with the Caribbean region and then with traders going eastwards to the Indian and Pacific oceans, especially when naturalists, commonly sponsored by patrons, accompanied the traders. The main questions included how the obviously living veneer could make the vast amounts of rock, as well as what the huge variety of sea creatures were. Darwin was the most famous naturalist who became intrigued by them and, following his Beagle voyage, he formed his theory of how they developed, which was proved true a century later. The basic underlying mechanism he proposed unified how they grew and why reefs around the world had so many common characteristics, especially why they nearly all had a similar depth and profile.

scholarly journals The Caribbean and its Linkages with the World

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (256) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Vargas ◽  
Daniela Hess
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Financial Variables ◽  
The World ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Global Var ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Using data from 1980-2017, this paper estimates a Global VAR (GVAR) model taylored for the Caribbean region which includes its major trading partners, representing altogether around 60 percent of the global economy. We provide stilyzed facts of the main interrelations between the Caribbean region and the rest of the world, and then we quantify the impact of external shocks on Caribbean countries through the application of two case studies: i) a change in the international price of oil, and ii) an increase in the U.S. GDP. We confirmed that Caribbean countries are highly exposed to external factors, and that a fall in oil prices and an increase in the U.S. GDP have a positive and large impact on most of them after controlling for financial variables, exchange rate fluctuations and overall price changes. The results from the model help to disentangle effects from various channels that interact at the same time, such as flows of tourists, trade of goods, and changes in economic conditions in the largest economies of the globe.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
William Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
The Political ◽  
The World ◽  
Colonial Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Historical Past

V.S. Naipaul is one of the most internationally acclaimed twentieth-century writers from the Caribbean region. Yet it is usually assumed that he was neither much influenced by the Caribbean literary and intellectual tradition, nor very influential upon it. This chapter argues that these assumptions are wrong. It situates Naipaul’s life and work within the political, social, and intellectual history of the twentieth-century Caribbean. Naipaul’s work formed part of a larger historical debate about the sociology of slavery in the Caribbean, the specificity of Caribbean colonial experience, and the influence of that historical past on Caribbean life, culture, and politics after independence. The chapter closes with a reading of Naipaul’s late, retrospective book about Trinidad, A Way in the World.

scholarly journals HIV Infection in the Caribbean

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
V W Wheeler ◽  
K W Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

The Caribbean is a multi-ethnic region with many different cultural differences. The majority of the population is of African descent, but there are also other ethnic groups present such as Indians, Chinese, Syrians and Europeans. The Caribbean region is influenced by countries such as the USA, Great Britain, France and Holland. The countries of the Caribbean have a serious problem with HIV infection and AIDS. The epidemiology of HIV infection in this region, is different from most other parts of the world in that the mode of spread does not easily fit into any of the three WHO patterns. This review shows that the infection initially started in the homosexual/bisexual community, but since then, it has moved to the heterosexual population and this form of contact is now the main mode of transmission of the virus. The Governments of the Caribbean countries have realized the extent of the problem and have taken measures to try to control the epidemic.

Emigration and Brain Drain: Evidence from the Caribbean

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prachi Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
The World ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
High Skill

Abstract This paper quantifies the magnitude and nature of migration flows from the Caribbean and estimates their costs and benefits. The Caribbean countries have lost 10–40 percent of their labor force due to emigration to OECD member countries. The migration rates are particularly striking for the high-skilled labor force. Many countries have lost more than 70 percent of their labor force with more than 12 years of completed schooling—among the highest emigration rates in the world. The region is also the world's largest recipient of remittances as a percent of GDP. Remittances constituted about 13 percent of the region’s GDP in 2002. Simple welfare calculations (under very conservative assumptions of elasticities) suggest that the losses due to high-skill migration (ceteris paribus) outweigh the official remittances to the Caribbean region.

scholarly journals International accreditation and quality medical education

2013 ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
Pablo A. Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
American Federation ◽  
The World ◽  
Pan American ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Academic Organization

The Pan American Federation of Associations of Faculties (Schools) of Medicine - FEPAFEM/PAFAMS - is a non-governmental, on-profit academic organization that joins the National Associations of Medical Schools for the Hemisphere. For some countries the growth in the number of schools and colleges has been explosive in recent decades to where now there are, in fact, about 706 medical schools in the Americas: 181 in North America, 190 in Central America and the Caribbean region and 335 in South America. This represents approximately 31% of the world total. Of these, 559 (79%) of the hemisphere´s medical schools are affiliated with FEPAFEM/PAFAMS.

scholarly journals Global Trends of Seroprevalence and Universal Screening Policy for Chagas Disease in Donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Yeon Hee Kim ◽  
Julia Ledien ◽  
Eliana Rodriguez-Monguí ◽  
Andy Dobson ◽  
María-Gloria Basáñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Universal Screening ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractBackgroundScreening for Trypanosoma cruzi among blood and organ donors is essential to reduce Chagas disease transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritised curtailing transmission in blood banks (BBs) and transplantation centres (TCs) by 50% by 2025 and 100% by 2030. This study aims to update the situation on T. cruzi screening strategies in BBs and TCs to evaluate the evolution of seroprevalence and the achievement of screening milestones globally.MethodsWe used published articles and government reports on seroprevalence data and screening policies in BBs and TCs across the world. We conducted meta-analyses of T. cruzi seroprevalence estimates by who region, endemicity status, and country, and used meta-regression to identify the covariates influencing the estimates. Publication bias and sensitivity analyses were also conducted.ResultsBased on 99 studies and reports and found a global pattern of increased universal screening policies (USPs) in BBs from 1990 to 2018. We found information for 50 countries, of which 44 (88%) have implemented USPs and 21 (42%) achieved 100% coverage by 2015. Out of the 21 Chagas-disease endemic countries, 20 are in advanced USPS stages, and 18 achieved 100% coverage by 2015. Latin America (LA) was the first region to start USPS since the 1990s and 19 countries are in advanced stages of implementation and by 2015 there is evidence of 100% coverage in 15 LA countries. In the Caribbean Region, USPs are still in early implementation stages and by 2015 only five out of 24 countries have achieved 100% coverage. Outside Latin America and the Caribbean, there are USPs only in the USA, which initiated in 2007 and with 100% coverage in 2016. In Europe, there are no USPs, but some countries have implemented selective screening of at-risk donors in the UK, Spain, France and Switzerland. Whereas Sweden and Italy have implemented a deferral system. For TCs, national guidelines have been produced in some European countries since the 2000s; in the USA, USPs started since 2002, but 100% coverage is yet to be achieved. There is a global decrease in T. cruzi seroprevalence among blood donors from the 1970s to 2010s, particularly in endemic countries, where the T. cruzi pooled seroprevalence decreased from 2.42% (95% CI 0.75%-7.53%) in the 1970s to 0.38% (95% CI 0.30%-0.60%) in the 2010s. Seroprevalence in non-endemic countries has remained relatively stable between 1990s and 2010s around 0.01% (95% CI 0.01%-0.03%). Country and decade were identified as the two major predictors of seroprevalence in BBs. Data on TCs was scarce.InterpretationDespite global progress in T. cruzi screening policies, both USPs and 100% coverage are yet to be achieved. Seroprevalence in BBs have decreased in endemic countries, likely due to a combination of vector control, increased USPs and voluntary donation, and improved diagnosis. To achieve the proposed WHO goals by 2025 and 2030, USPs in TCs must become available in all endemic countries. In BBs, USPs should be a priority in the Caribbean region as well as non-endemic countries where migration from endemic countries is important.

scholarly journals Caribbean development: an overview

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Paul Sutton
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Caribbean

Reviews development in the Caribbean, especially since 1990 to the present, and highlights future development prospects. Author discusses 2 reports from 2005 on present developments problems in the Caribbean region: the economics-focussed 'A time to choose: Caribbean development in the 21st century' by the World Bank, and the UN ECLAC report 'The Millennium Development Goals: a Latin American and Caribbean perspective', with a broader, also social and political, development agenda. He relates what both reports recommend for the Caribbean on the basis of their evaluations of past development. The World Bank report advocates a move toward the services sector, including tourism, offshore education, ICT services, and health services as most viable. The ECLAC report notes some social and political advances in comparison to other developing countries, but also remaining problems and inequalities. The author finds that the World Bank report's neoliberal, one-size-fits-all approach is not mindful of specific Caribbean realities, while the ECLAC study is more sensitive to local realities, and espouses a mixed economy. He thus considers the ECLAC approach preferable, but argues that it needs to go further, as it excludes Cuba and Haiti as atypical states.

Caribbean development: an overview

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Sutton
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Caribbean

Reviews development in the Caribbean, especially since 1990 to the present, and highlights future development prospects. Author discusses 2 reports from 2005 on present developments problems in the Caribbean region: the economics-focussed 'A time to choose: Caribbean development in the 21st century' by the World Bank, and the UN ECLAC report 'The Millennium Development Goals: a Latin American and Caribbean perspective', with a broader, also social and political, development agenda. He relates what both reports recommend for the Caribbean on the basis of their evaluations of past development. The World Bank report advocates a move toward the services sector, including tourism, offshore education, ICT services, and health services as most viable. The ECLAC report notes some social and political advances in comparison to other developing countries, but also remaining problems and inequalities. The author finds that the World Bank report's neoliberal, one-size-fits-all approach is not mindful of specific Caribbean realities, while the ECLAC study is more sensitive to local realities, and espouses a mixed economy. He thus considers the ECLAC approach preferable, but argues that it needs to go further, as it excludes Cuba and Haiti as atypical states.

Culture and Social Structure in the Caribbean: Some Recent Work on Family and Kinship Studies

1963 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean

The territories of the circum-Caribbean region contain some of the most complex societies in the world. Their complexity lies not in their size, degree of internal differentiation or technological development, but in the dependent and fragmented nature of their cultures, the ethnic diversity of their populations, the special nature of their dependent economies, the peculiarities of their political development and the apparent incoherence of their social institutions. It has been suggested that many Caribbean societies have no history of their own but should be viewed as an extension of Europe. Dr. Eric Williams, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, has recently written in reference to his country:On August 31st 1962, a country will be free, a miniature state will be established, but a society and a nation will not have been formed.

scholarly journals The Quest for Caribbean Identities: Postcolonial Conflicts and Cross-Cultural Fertilization in Derek Walcott’s Poetry

AmeriQuests ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M Douillet
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Derek Walcott ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
French Caribbean ◽  
Postcolonial Identity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Caribbean

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates how the political merges with the literary in Derek Walcott’s poetry, using the poems “A Latin Primer” and “The Light of the World” as primary examples. In these two poems, Walcott explores the colonial wounds of the Caribbean region and the various consequences of colonialism for the forging of Caribbean’s contemporary identities. He proposes a model of Caribbeanness that values racial multiplicity and cross-dialogues between cultures, including, perhaps problematically, the European cultural tradition, as fertilizing. For Walcott, poetic creativity serves to truly unify and find points of connections in a disjointed postcolonial world. This paper examines the implications of Walcott’s stances on postcolonial identity politics and compares Walcott to several French Caribbean authors. RÉSUMÉ: Cet article explore comment la polique et la littérature fusionnent dans la poésie du Prix Nobel de Littérature Derek Walcott, utilisant les poèmes “A Latin Primer” et “The Light of the World” comme exemples principaux. Dans ces deux poèmes, Walcott analyse les blessures coloniales encourues par les Antilles et les différentes conséquences du colonialisme pour la création des identités antillaises contemporaines. Il propose un modèle d’antillanité qui célèbre la multiplicité raciale et les dialogues fertilisateurs entre les cultures, y compris la culture européenne, donnant peut-être ainsi matière à controverse. Pour Walcott, la créativité poétique sert à unifier et connecter un monde postcolonial disjoint. Cet article examine les différentes implications des positions de Walcott concernant les politiques d’identités postcoloniales et compare Walcott à certains auteurs des Antilles francophones.

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