scholarly journals Invited Commentary: Social Cohesion, Depression, and the Role of Welfare States

2019 ◽  
Vol 189 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-357
Author(s):  
Mikael Rostila

Abstract In this issue of the Journal, Baranyi et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2019;000(00):000–000) examine the longitudinal associations of perceived neighborhood disorder and social cohesion with depressive symptoms among persons aged 50 years or more in 16 different countries. An important contribution of their article is that they study how neighborhood-level social capital relates to depression in different welfare-state contexts. Although the authors provide empirical evidence for some significant differences between welfare states in the relationship between social capital and depression, they say little about potential explanations. In this commentary, I draw attention to welfare-state theory and how it could provide us with a greater understanding of Baranyi et al.’s findings. I also discuss the potential downsides of grouping countries into welfare regimes. I primarily focus on the associations between social cohesion and depression, as these associations were generally stronger than those for neighborhood disorder and depression. Finally, I provide some suggestions for future research within the field and discuss whether the findings could be used to guide policies aimed at increasing social cohesion and health.

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREAS MOTEL-KLINGEBIEL ◽  
CLEMENS TESCH-ROEMER ◽  
HANS-JOACHIM VON KONDRATOWITZ

This paper discusses the informal and formal provision of help and support to older people from a comparative welfare state perspective, with particular reference to the relationships between inter-generational family help and welfare state support. While the ‘substitution’ hypothesis states that the generous provision of welfare state services in support of older people ‘crowds out’ family help, the ‘encouragement’ hypothesis predicts a stimulation of family help, and the ‘mixed responsibility’ hypothesis predicts a combination of family and formal help and support. The paper reports findings from the Old Age and Autonomy: The Role of Service Systems and Inter-generational Family Solidarity (OASIS) research project. This created a unique age-stratified sample of 6,106 people aged 25–102 years from the urban populations of Norway, England, Germany, Spain and Israel. The analyses show that the total quantity of help received by older people is greater in welfare states with a strong infrastructure of formal services. Moreover, when measures of the social structure, support preferences and familial opportunity structures were controlled, no evidence of a substantial ‘crowding out’ of family help was found. The results support the hypothesis of ‘mixed responsibility’, and suggest that in societies with well-developed service infrastructures, help from families and welfare state services act accumulatively, but that in familistic welfare regimes, similar combinations do not occur.


2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-314
Author(s):  
Andreas Motel-Klingebiel ◽  
Clemens Tesch-Römer

In this paper, informal and formal provision of help and support for older people will be discussed in a welfare state comparative perspective, focussing on the relation between intergenerational family help and welfare state support. A range of research hypotheses is illuminated and tested. While the ‘substitution’ hypothesis states that generous provision of welfare state services may potentially crowd out family help to older people, the ‘encouragement’ hypothesis predicts the crowding in of family help. In addition, the hypothesis of ‘mixed responsibility’ predicts a combination of help and support by families and services – and, at last, the hypothesis of ‘functional differentiation’ assumes a specific mix with distinct and characteristic responsibilities of the named societal institutions.Results come from the research project OASIS – Old Age and Autonomy: The Role of Service Systems and Intergenerational Family Solidarity’. This European comparative data is based on disproportionally age-stratified random samples of the urban population (25 years and older) in Norway, England, Germany, Spain, and Israel (n=6.106). Findings show that total help received is more common in welfare states with a strong infrastructure of formal services. Moreover, statistical controls for social structure, pre¬ferences and familial opportunity structures bring in no evidence of substantial crowding out of family help. On the contrary, results support the hypothesis of ‘mixed responsibility’ and ‘functional differentiation’, as they point to the fact that in societies with well-developed service infrastructures, help from families and welfare-state services act accumulatively in the support of quality of life of older people. Help and support is less likely and support mixes are unusual in fami¬ly-oriented welfare regimes. Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag diskutiert aus einer international vergleichenden Perspektive die Ausgestaltung informeller und formeller Hilfe- und Unterstützungsleistungen für ältere Menschen. Dabei bezieht er sich insbesondere auf das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen inter- und intragenerationaler familialer Hilfe und wohlfahrtsstaatlich organisierten Unterstützungen. Während die ‚Substitutionshypothese‘ in einer großzügigen wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Versorgung älterer Menschen ein Potential zur Verdrängung der Familie als Unterstützungssystem sieht („crowding out“), geht die ‚Hypothese der Verstärkung‘ von einer Stimulation familialer Hilfen durch wohlfahrtsstaatliche Interventionen aus („crowding in“). Die ‚Hypothese der gemischten Verantwortung‘ prognostiziert derweil, dass eine verbesserte Serviceinfrastruktur vor allem die intensivierte Mischung informeller und formellen Hilfe- und Unterstützungsleistungen nach sich zieht. Die ‚Hypothese der funktionalen Differenzierung‘ schließlich nimmt darüber hinaus an, dass diese Mischung nicht unspezifisch erfolgt, sondern sich charakteristische Zuständigkeiten herausbilden. Der Beitrag berichtet empirische Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts OASIS – Old Age and Autonomy: The Role of Service Sys-tems and Intergenerational Family Solidarity. Grundlage ist eine nach Alter geschichtete urbane Stichprobe von 6.106 Personen im Alter von mehr als 25 Jahren aus Norwegen, England, Deutschland, Spanien und Israel. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Gesamtheit der von älteren Menschen empfangenen Hilfe in jenen Wohlfahrtsstaaten deutlich größer ist, die eine ausgeprägte Infrastruktur von formellen Dienstleistungen aufweisen. Unter Kontrolle von Sozialstrukturindikatoren, gesellschaftlichen Normen und individuellen Präferenzen, gesundheitlichen Einschränkungen sowie familialen Opportunitätsstrukturen lassen sich dabei keine Hinweise auf eine substantielle ‚Verdrängung‘ familialer Hilfen finden. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen stattdessen die Hypothesen einer ‚gemischten Verantwortung‘ und ‚funktionalen Differenzierung‘. Sie deuten darauf hin, dass in Gesellschaften mit gut entwickelten Dienstleitungsinfrastrukturen die Hilfe aus familialen und wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Leistungen häufig kumulativ vorzufinden sind und so auf die Lebensqualität im Alter wirken, während solche Mischungen in familial orientierten Wohlfahrtsregimes bei zugleich insgesamt geringerer Verbreitung von Hilfen nur selten vorkommen.


2021 ◽  
pp. 345-363
Author(s):  
Ann Shola Orloff ◽  
Marie Laperrière

This chapter traces how scholars have conceptualized the relationship between gender and welfare states, examining significant differences among mainstream, gender-aware, and feminist perspectives. We discuss how feminist scholarship has broadened scholars’ understanding of social citizenship, how gender structures, and is structured by, the policies and institutions of the welfare state, and how women and men participate in social politics. We describe how insights from intersectionality theory and the adoption of more fluid conceptions of gender have shaped investigations of social policies and politics, bringing greater accuracy to analyses of the gendered effects of welfare states. Finally, we turn to analyses of how welfare states have reorganized in response to crises of care. We conclude by discussing normative debates over the role of welfare states in reducing gender inequalities and supporting people’s choices about care and employment.


Author(s):  
Yi Li ◽  
Mengqiu Ma

From the perspective of individual resource and social capital, this paper aims to explain how employees’ political skill affect their job satisfaction and turnover intention, through the mediating role of popularity. Using a sample of 237 dyad surveys from supervisors and employees in the Yangtze River Delta of China, we found that: 1) political skill is positively correlated with job satisfaction and negatively correlated with turnover intention, and that these correlations are partially mediated by individual popularity; 2) positive affect (PA) moderates the relationship between political skill and job satisfaction, and negative affect (NA) moderates the relationship between political skill and turnover intention. The implications of our findings and future research directions are discussed.


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durmus A. Yuksek ◽  
Ozgur Solakoglu

Abstract Although numerous studies have confirmed the relationship between welfare states and social capital, their arguments have been contradictory. Some argue that strong welfare states crowd out social capital, while others consider the welfare state as a stimulator of social capital. However, research focusing on both the arguments simultaneously and considering whether or not welfare states can both make and break social capital is almost unavailable. Also, individual attitudes toward the welfare state have mainly been the neglected part of this research tradition. Concordantly, findings of this study suggest that regardless of the strength of the civil society, a welfare state can both crowd out and crowd in social capital. While the comprehensiveness of the welfare state plays a part in stimulating or rather unlikely destroying social capital, it is actually the particular design, implementation of the welfare policies, and legitimacy of the state officials that make or break social capital.


2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peizhen Sun ◽  
Jennifer J. Chen ◽  
Hongyan Jiang

Abstract. This study investigated the mediating role of coping humor in the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and job satisfaction. Participants were 398 primary school teachers in China, who completed the Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, Coping Humor Scale, and Overall Job Satisfaction Scale. Results showed that coping humor was a significant mediator between EI and job satisfaction. A further examination revealed, however, that coping humor only mediated two sub-dimensions of EI (use of emotion and regulation of emotion) and job satisfaction. Implications for future research and limitations of the study are discussed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-102
Author(s):  
Tasnim Rehna ◽  
Rubina Hanif ◽  
Muhammad Aqeel

Background: Widespread social paradigms on which the status variances are grounded in any society, gender plays pivotal role in manifestation of mental health problems (Rutter, 2007). A hefty volume of research has addressed the issue in adults nonetheless, little is vividly known about the role of gender in adolescent psychopathology. Sample: A sample of 240 adolescents (125 boys, 115 girls) aging 12-18 years was amassed from various secondary schools of Islamabad with the approval of the Federal Directorate of Education (FDE), relevant authorities of the schools and the adolescents themselves. Instruments: Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (Taylor & Spence, 1953) and Children’s Negative Cognitive Errors Questionnaire (CNCEQ) by Leitenberg et al., (1986) were applied in present study. Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that cognitive errors jointly accounted for 78% of variance in predicting anxiety among adolescents. Findings also exhibited that gender significantly moderated the relationship between cognitive errors and adolescent anxiety. Implications of the findings are discoursed for future research and clinical practice.


Author(s):  
Leana A. Bouffard ◽  
Haerim Jin

This chapter provides an overview of the literature examining the role of religion and military service in the desistance process. It also identifies outstanding issues and directions for future research. It first presents an overview of research examining the role of religion in desistance and highlights measurement issues, potential intervening mechanisms, and a consideration of faith-based programs as criminal justice policy. Next, this chapter covers the relationship between military service and offending patterns, including period effects that explain variation in the relationship, selection effects, and the incorporation of military factors in criminal justice policy and programming. The chapter concludes by highlighting general conclusions from these two bodies of research and questions to be considered in future research.


Author(s):  
Maryann Feldman ◽  
Paige Clayton

This chapter examines the relationship between entrepreneurs and the communities in which they are embedded. It argues that the actions of entrepreneurs and their firms are contextually situated in specific geographies that make their actions endogenous in the development of place and define a place-specific institutional logic. This argument is at odds with the view that industry clustering is due to the role of incumbent firms. This chapter reconciles these views by adopting a temporal view, allowing both incumbents and geography to co-occur and influence clustering. It then considers the current evidence of entrepreneurs’ effects on regional resources and capacity, and concludes with suggestions for future research.


Author(s):  
Katherine H. Rogers

When forming impressions of an other’s personality, people often rely on information not directly related to the individual at hand. One source of information that can influence people’s impressions of others is the personality of the average person (i.e., normative profile). This relationship between the normative profile and an impression is called normative accuracy or normativity. In this chapter, you will learn about the average personality, why it is important, the relationship to social desirability and what it means to have a normative impression, as well as correlates and moderators of normativity. More broadly, you will learn about current research and views regarding the normative profile and normative impressions as well as concrete steps for incorporating this approach into your future research on interpersonal perception.


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