scholarly journals Characterizing Cross-Culturally Relevant Metrics of Stigma Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Across 8 Sub-Saharan African Countries and the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (7) ◽  
pp. 690-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jura L Augustinavicius ◽  
Stefan D Baral ◽  
Sarah M Murray ◽  
Kevon Jackman ◽  
Qian-Li Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sex With Men

Abstract Overcoming stigma affecting gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) is a foundational element of an effective response to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Quantifying the impact of stigma mitigation interventions necessitates improved measurement of stigma for MSM around the world. In this study, we explored the underlying factor structure and psychometric properties of 13 sexual behavior stigma items among 10,396 MSM across 8 sub-Saharan African countries and the United States using cross-sectional data collected between 2012 and 2016. Exploratory factor analyses were used to examine the number and composition of underlying stigma factors. A 3-factor model was found to be an adequate fit in all countries (root mean square error of approximation = 0.02–0.05; comparative fit index/Tucker-Lewis index = 0.97–1.00/0.94–1.00; standardized root mean square residual = 0.04–0.08), consisting of “stigma from family and friends,” “anticipated health-care stigma,” and “general social stigma,” with internal consistency estimates across countries of α = 0.36–0.80, α = 0.72–0.93, and α = 0.51–0.79, respectively. The 3-factor model of sexual behavior stigma cut across social contexts among MSM in the 9 countries. These findings indicate commonalities in sexual behavior stigma affecting MSM across sub-Saharan Africa and the United States, which can facilitate efforts to track progress on global stigma mitigation interventions.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Sexual Behavior Stigma Affecting Gay Men and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men Across Sub-Saharan Africa and in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. e35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shauna Stahlman ◽  
Travis Howard Sanchez ◽  
Patrick Sean Sullivan ◽  
Sosthenes Ketende ◽  
Carrie Lyons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sex With Men

scholarly journals The American View of Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1960’s (based on dissertation researches on Congo and Nigeria)

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Latenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
African Countries ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Independent Path

The author of the article attempts to analyze the scientific achievements of American researchers on the subject of Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1960s, using the example of two countries in the region – the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria. In both countries, which decolonized in 1960 and embarked on an independent path of development, during the first decade of their existence, various stormy events took place that shook the entire Sub-Saharan region and largely reflected on processes in other parts of the continent. Therefore, these countries are a particularly striking example on the basis of which this study was conducted. Based on a thorough review of the dissertations on the list, developed and defended in the United States by different generations of researchers over the course of half a century, the main priorities and areas of interest to the American scientific community have been identified. Although this paper does not claim to be a comprehensive and complete analysis, statistics based on available material are systematized in chronological and thematic dimensions. In particular, the events and phenomena of the history of the Congo and Nigeria, which particularly attracted the attention of American scholars, are highlighted. Predictably, the lion’s share of the research was devoted to the events of the Congolese crisis of 1960-1965, as well as the civil war for Biafra independence that unfolded in Nigeria. At the same time, it is found that most researchers were not so interested in the fate of the Sub-Saharan African countries themselves as the role and place of the United States in the region, their foreign policy, and the advancement of American national interests.

Epidemiology and the Spread of HIV

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Bolduc ◽  
Navix Order ◽  
Emily Colgate
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
The Us ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Prevention Methods ◽  
Living With Hiv

Worldwide, approximately 36 million people are infected with HIV. The number of new infections has been declining in most geographic areas including sub-Saharan Africa due to a larger number of persons receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the uptake of new prevention methods. Prevalence in many areas has either stabilized or gradually increased due to prolonged survival. The US epidemic has remained stable, with approximately 1.2 million persons living with HIV. There are fewer AIDS deaths and approximately 40,000–50,000 new infections yearly, leading to an overall increase in HIV prevalence in the United States. Globally, most new infections are via heterosexual transmission, with more than half of new infections occurring in women. In Europe and the United States, the largest number of new infections is occurring in men who have sex with men. Due to the progressive uptake of ART, mother-to-child transmission has declined significantly throughout the world.

scholarly journals Validation of an Adapted Version of the Statistical Anxiety Scale in English and Its Relationship to Attitudes Toward Statistics

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824402110013
Author(s):  
Monique O’Bryant ◽  
Prathiba Natesan Batley ◽  
Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Statistics Anxiety ◽  
Root Mean Square Residual ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Attitudes Toward Statistics

The aims of this study were to validate an instrument that measured statistics anxiety and to examine how attitudes toward statistics predict statistics anxiety using the Attitudes Toward Statistics (ATS) Scale for a sample of 323 undergraduate social science majors enrolled in colleges and universities in the United States. A confirmatory factor analysis suggested retaining a revised two-factor model of the Statistical Anxiety Scale (SAS) to measure statistics anxiety, namely, help and interpretation anxiety ([Formula: see text] = 49.37, df = 38.13, p = .105, comparative fit index [CFI] = .959, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = .035, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = .076). An examination of discriminant validity of the scores of the SAS with scores of the ATS subscales revealed that statistics anxiety and attitudes toward statistics are distinct constructs. Structural equational modeling was used to determine whether attitude toward course and attitude toward field were predictors of examination anxiety and asking for help anxiety. Of the two factors of the ATS scale, attitudes toward field and attitudes toward course, the latter predicted examination anxiety better than the former did, although both were moderate predictors of examination anxiety. We recommend that statistics educators consider the role of statistics anxiety as well as attitudes toward statistics and the field when designing their pedagogical approach.

Comparing breast cancer characteristics across Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. S155 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Grover ◽  
M. Narasimhamurthy ◽  
R. Bhatia ◽  
C. Benn ◽  
K. Fearnhead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

Perspectives from Four Stages of Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 159-178
Author(s):  
Eleanor M. Fox ◽  
Mor Bakhoum
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The European Union ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Developed Countries

This chapter identifies four clusters of nations based on state of development, in order to highlight significant qualitative differences that may call for different law and policies. The first cluster comprises the least developed sub-Saharan African countries with the most resource-challenged competition authorities, such as Benin and Togo. The second cluster compromises nations that have advanced economically to a perceptibly higher level. The third cluster is a “group” of one—South Africa. With all of its challenges, the South African competition regime is as close to a gold standard as there is in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, for comparison, the fourth cluster comprises the developed countries, led in particular by the European Union and the United States. These nations have open economies, fairly robust markets, good infrastructure, and good institutions. The chapter proceeds to identify, from the point of view of each of the clusters, the most fitting competition framework nationally and globally. The chapter proposes how the divergences can be brought into sympathy.

Law Reform in a Developing Country: A New Code of Obligations for Senegal

1964 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-19
Author(s):  
E. Allan Farnsworth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Republic

The Republic of Senegal has embarked upon a project to reform its private law. This fact, of itself, might not seem worthy of the attention of the legal profession in the United States, since Senegal is a country of only about 3,250,000 inhabitants, less than the population of the state of Alabama, covering only 76,000 square miles, less than the area of the state of Kansas, and having a total of exports and imports to the dollar zone of less than twelve million dollars in 1962. With twenty per cent of its population in its six largest cities of more than 30,000 inhabitants, it is the most urban, most literate, and most Europeanized of the francophonic countries of sub-Saharan Africa, but this alone would evoke little interest abroad in its attempts at law reform.

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