scholarly journals Efficacy Of The Bollgard Gene In Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm And Tobacco Bud-Worm, 1994

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 432-433
Author(s):  
J.H. Benedict ◽  
D.R. Ring ◽  
J.C. Correa ◽  
R.E. Buehler ◽  
E.M. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Boll Weevil ◽  
Transgenic Cotton ◽  
Tobacco Budworm ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
Lepidopteran Pests ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Cotton Fleahopper

Abstract Efficacy Of The Bollgard Gene In Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm And Tobacco Bud-Worm, 1994 Transgenic cotton lines expressing an insecticidal protein produced by the cryIA(c) gene (i.e., Bollgard Gene), or cryllA gene (Monsanto Co.) from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and the nontransgenic parent line Coker 312, were planted 25 Apr near Corpus Christi, Texas. Field plots were 4 row (38 inch centers) X 30 ft. Treatments (i.e., cotton lines) were arranged in a split plot RCBD and each plot replicated 6 times. The main plot was lep-idopteran control (i.e., unsprayed or sprayed with Karate (0.03 lb[AI]/acre to suppress tobacco budworm, bollworm and other lepidopteran pests) and sub-plots were 8 cotton lines. Plots for lepidopteran suppression (with a conventional foliar insecticide) were sprayed on 29 Jun, 6, 14, and 20 Jul with Karate using a backpackCO2 powered sprayer and a 2-row handheld spray boom. The entire test was planted with in-furrow insecticide and oversprayed as needed in-season control of insect pests such as thrips, aphids, boll weevil and cotton fleahopper. Efficacy of transgenic cottons against target lepidopteran pests was determined by examining 20 flower buds and 20 bolls per plot on 28 Jun, 5, 12, and 19 Jul for bollworm-tobacco budworm feeding injury, and taking lint yields per plot. Supplemental soil moisture was provided by sprinkler irrigation during the season but not within 48-h following a lepidopteran con-trol application. The plots were hand-harvested (20 ft from middle 2 rows) and seedcotton ginned on a laboratory 10-saw gin.

Efficacy of the Bollgard Gene in Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1995

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 433-434
Author(s):  
J.H. Benedict ◽  
D.R. Ring ◽  
J.C. Correa ◽  
R.E. Buehler ◽  
E.M. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Boll Weevil ◽  
Transgenic Cotton ◽  
Tobacco Budworm ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
Lepidopteran Pests ◽  
Control Target ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Cotton Fleahopper

Abstract Transgenic cotton lines expressing an insecticidal protein produced by the crylA(c) gene (i.e., BoUgard Gene), or cryllA gene (Monsanto Co.) from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, and the nontransgenic parent line Coker 312 (COK 312), were planted 25 Apr 1995 near Corpus Christi, Texas. Field plots were 4 row (38 inch centers) X 30 ft. Treatments (i.e., cotton lines) were arranged in a split plot RCB and each plot replicated 6 times. The main plot was lepidopteran control (i.e., with or without lepidopteran sprays of Karate (0.03 lb[AI]/acre) to suppress tobacco budworm, bollworm and other lepidopteran pests) and subplots were 6 cotton lines. Plots for lepidopteran suppression were sprayed on 6, 14, 21, 28 Jul with Karate using a backpack, CO2 powered sprayer and a 2 row handheld spray boom. The entire test was planted with in-furrow insecticide and oversprayed as needed for inseason control of insect pests such as thrips, aphids, boll weevil and cotton fleahopper. Efficacy of transgenic cottons to control target lepidopteran pests was determined by examining 20 flower buds and 20 capsules per plot on 5, 12, 19, 26 Jul for bollworm-tobacco budworm feeding injury, and taking lint yields per plot. Supplemental soil moisture was provided by sprinkler and furrow irrigation during the season but not within 48 h following a lepidopteran control spray. The plots were hand-harvested (13 ft 9 inches from middle 2 rows) and seedcotton ginned on a laboratory 10-saw gin.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pirate 3SC Against Cotton Insect Pests in Louisiana, 1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-205
Author(s):  
B. R. Leonard ◽  
C. A. White ◽  
J. B. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Boll Weevil ◽  
Test Area ◽  
Tobacco Budworm ◽  
Beet Armyworm ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Soybean Looper ◽  
High Clearance

Abstract Cotton was planted 2 Jun with plots consisting of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Insecticides were applied on 9, 12, 15, 22 Aug and 1 Sep. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 squares per plot on 12, 15, 19, 26 Aug for evidence of bollworm-tobacco budworm and boll weevil damage. The data reported for boll weevil are a summary of across sample dates. High numbers of soybean looper and beet armyworm larvae were observed in the plots during Sep and visual defoliation ratings were used to evaluate treatments on 21 Sep. Each plot was scored as follows: 0 (no feeding damage), 1 (feeding damage within the lower Vi of the plant), 2 (feeding damage in the lower Vs and middle % of the plant) or 3 (feeding damage throughout the plant). The plots were mechanically harvested on 25 Oct to determine seedcotton yields. The test area received 0.1, 1.9, 0.6 and 0.2 inches rainfall on 14, 21 Aug, and 2, 7 Sep, respectively. Supplemental moisture was provided by sprinkler irrigation “as needed” during the season, but not within 48 h of treatment applications.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pirate 3 SC Against Boll Worm-Tobacco Budworm in Louisiana, 1993

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-231
Author(s):  
B. R. Leonard ◽  
P. A. Clay ◽  
E. Burris ◽  
J. B. Graves ◽  
C. A. White
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Parathion ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Boll Weevil ◽  
Test Area ◽  
Tobacco Budworm ◽  
Beet Armyworm ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Soybean Looper

Abstract Cotton was planted 2 Jun with plots consisting of 4 rows (40 in centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD and replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 45 psi. Insecticide treatments were applied on 4, 9, 20, 31 Aug. Methyl parathion 4 EC (0.33 lb [AI]/acre) was applied to all plots on 24 and 28 Aug to reduce boll weevil infestations. Efficacy was determined by examining 50 plant terminals and squares per plot on 6, 13, 23 Aug and 2 Sep for evidence of damage and the presence of bollworm-tobacco budworm larvae. The data reported for bollworm-tobacco budworm and boll weevil damage are a summary of trial means across sample dates. High numbers of soybean looper and beet armyworm larvae were observed in the plots during Sep and visual defoliation ratings were estimated to evaluate differences among treatments. Each plot was scored as follows: 0 (no feeding damage), 1 (feeding damage within the lower Vi of the plant), 2 (feeding damage in the lower Vi and middle Vi of the plant) or 3 (feeding damage throughout the plant). The plots were mechanically harvested on 17 and 24 Oct to estimate seed cotton yields. The test area received 2.0 inches rainfall on 6 Aug, 0.5 inch on 20 Aug, and 0.3 inch on 28 Aug. Supplemental moisture was provided by sprinkler irrigation "as needed" during the season but not within 48 h of treatment applications.

scholarly journals New Proteins for the Control of Insects in Transgenic Crops

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 699b-699
Author(s):  
David R. Corbin ◽  
Frederick J. Perlak ◽  
David A. Fischhoff ◽  
John T. Greenplate ◽  
Zhen Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cholesterol Oxidase ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Boll Weevil ◽  
Transgenic Crops ◽  
Cotton Boll ◽  
Insecticidal Proteins ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Cotton Boll Weevil ◽  
Lepidopteran Pests

Genetically modified potato and cotton crops that express insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have recently been commercialized. These crops display autonomous resistance to specific insect pests, and thus offer major agricultural and environmental benefits. We have implemented a microbial screening program to discover new types of insecticidal proteins for use in transgenic crops. New proteins with diverse modes of action offer opportunities to control insect pests that are not susceptible to Bt insecticidal proteins and to delay or prevent the potential occurrence of resistance of insects to crops genetically modified with Bt genes. Cholesterol oxidase emerged from our screen as a new insecticidal protein with potent activity against the cotton boll weevil. Cholesterol oxidase was acutely toxic to boll weevil larvae, with an LC50 of 2–6 parts per million when ingested in artificial diet feeding assays, and caused marked reductions in fecundity when ingested by adult boll weevils. Cholesterol oxidase also exerted significant, though less severe, toxicity against several lepidopteran pests. The insecticidal action of cholesterol oxidase appears to be due to oxidation of midgut epithelial membrane cholesterol followed by membrane disruption. A cholesterol oxidase gene was cloned and expressed in transgenic tobacco plants to yield plant tissue that exerted potent activity against boll weevil. Expression of this cholesterol oxidase gene in cotton plants may offer significant protection against the cotton boll weevil and may also aid in the mitigation of resistance of cotton lepidopteran pests to Bt proteins.

Registration of Five Cotton Germplasm Lines with Resistance to Bollworm, Tobacco Budworm, and Boll Weevil

Crop Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Culp ◽  
C. C. Green ◽  
B. U. Kittrell
Keyword(s):  
Boll Weevil ◽  
Tobacco Budworm

scholarly journals Boll Weevil Control Strategies: Regional Benefits and Costs

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Robert Taylor ◽  
Ronald D. Lacewell
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Boll Weevil ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Trap Crops ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Benefits And Costs ◽  
The U.S

Throughout the southern states and at the federal level, much attention is being focused on the appropriate strategy for controlling cotton insect pests, particularly the boll weevil. This paper presents estimated economic impacts to farmers, regions and consumers of implementing three alternative boll weevil control strategies. One strategy evaluated is a proposed boll weevil eradication program which involves integrating many controls including insecticides, reproduction-diapause control by early season stalk destruction, pheromone-baited traps, trap crops, early season control with insecticide, and massive releases of sterile boll weevils. The plan is to eradicate the boll weevil in the U.S., and then indefinitely maintain a barrier at the U.S.-Mexico border to prevent future weevil immigration to the U.S.

Biology and Control of Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Keeley ◽  
Robert J. Thullen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Accelerated Degradation ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Late Application ◽  
And Control ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Weed Resistance

A 4-yr study (1985, 1987, 1988, 1989) was conducted on the same field plots at Shafter, CA to evaluate the efficacy of prometryn in controlling black nightshade on planting beds of cotton. Two rates (1.7 and 2.2 kg ai ha–1) were applied at two times (mid March before the preplant irrigation and early April at cotton planting) each year. Incorporation of prometryn into moist planting beds with a powered rotary tiller operated at 10 cm deeper resulted in excellent control of black nightshade under low to moderate weed pressure in 1985 and 1987. Control of nightshade with early and late applications of 1.7 kg ha–1of prometryn under high weed pressure in 1988 was only 70% at harvest, and yield losses of cotton averaged 25%. Yields of cotton treated with 2.2 kg ha–1of prometryn in 1988 were not significantly different from weed-free plots. Only the late application of 2.2 kg ha–1of prometryn prevented significant cotton losses under extreme weed pressure in 1989. Cotton yield losses with the other prometryn treatments ranged from 78 to 100%. Losses of cotton in weedy-check plots that received only cultivation ranged from 22% in the absence of rain or irrigation at cotton planting in 1987 to as much as 100% when rain fell in 1988 or plots were irrigated at planting in 1989. Plots hoed one time 4 wk after cotton planting yielded an average of 84% as much seed cotton as weed-free plots. In an attempt to determine why the efficacy of prometryn declined between 1985 and 1989, several experiments were conducted in 1988 to 1990 to discover reasons for this poor control of nightshade. Because efforts failed to provide evidence for the movement of the herbicide with water, the development of weed resistance to prometryn, or accelerated degradation of this herbicide in soil, increasing weed seed populations in soil were believed to have contributed greatly to the declining nightshade control from prometryn. The fact that prometryn applied and incorporated into flat soil provided excellent control of nightshade in 1990 under sprinkler irrigation indicated that both soil moisture and incorporation techniques limited activity of prometryn in planting beds in 1988 and 1989. Incomplete control of nightshade plus good soil moisture at planting contributed to the high weed populations in 1988 and 1989.

scholarly journals Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation system on Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) infective juvenile

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Lara ◽  
Cláudia Dolinski ◽  
Elias Fernandes de Sousa ◽  
Rogério Figueiredo Daher
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Infective Juvenile ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Search Capability

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are currently being used as successful biological control agents of soil-dwelling insect pests. Previous field and greenhouse studies demonstrated that application techniques and non-biotic factors (temperature and pressure) have a significant effect on EPNs efficacy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of an irrigation spray application system on the viability, infectivity and host search capability of Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) infective juveniles (IJ). Two assays were proposed. Their viability was evaluated under the microscope after the IJ passed through the irrigation system. Infectivity on Galleria mellonella larvae, and host search capability, as evidenced by larval mortality, were evaluated in containers (Experiment 1). In the field (Experiment 2), mortality of G. mellonella larvae was evaluated under different nematode concentrations (0, 100,000, 300,000 and 500,000 IJ per tree). No differences were recorded on the viability, infectivity and host search capability of the IJ in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, differences were recorded among the different concentrations used (p < 0.05), and a higher mortality was observed at the highest nematode concentration (28.3% and 37% in each one of the two experiment repetitions). This irrigation system did not affected adversely the viability, infectivity and host search capability of H. baujardi LPP7.

Identification of major insect pests of Amaranthus spp. and germplasm screening for insect resistance in Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (04) ◽  
pp. 261-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D. Smith ◽  
Fekadu F. Dinssa ◽  
Robert S. Anderson ◽  
Fu-cheng Su ◽  
Ramasamy Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Germplasm Screening ◽  
Lepidopteran Pests ◽  
The World ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Screening Trial ◽  
Insect Resistant

AbstractVegetable and grain amaranths represent a vital source of micronutrients and protein in Asia and Africa. However, various foliar lepidopteran pests and stem-mining weevils hinder amaranth production. Insect-resistant cultivars can enhance the productivity of this crop. Here, we report on the performances of amaranth varieties screened for their resistance to insect pests under the field conditions at The World Vegetable Center stations in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted two preliminary screening trials with a total of 263 entries from around the world in Taiwan and a third preliminary screening trial with 49 African-indigenous entries in Tanzania. Promising entries from these preliminary trials were collectively evaluated in an advanced screening trial in Tanzania, to identify lines resistant to foliar and stem-boring pests in East Africa. Four entries exhibited moderate resistance to foliar pests: TZ51 and TZ53 (Amaranthus cruentus), TZ34 (A. dubius) and TZ39 (Amaranthus sp.). Five entries showed moderate resistance to stem weevils: TZ06 and TZ27 (A. cruentus), TZ52 (A. graecizans), TZ59 (A. palmeri) and TZ07 (Amaranthus sp.). Lepidopteran pests affecting leaves were reared to adulthood and identified as Spoladea recurvalis (Crambidae), Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae) and Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae). Stem weevil larvae were also reared and identified as: Neocleonus sannio Herbst, Gasteroclisus pr. rhomboidalis Boheman, Hypolixus pr. haerens Boheman and Baradine sp. (Curculionidae). These results highlight key amaranth pests in East Africa and identify insect-resistant entries that will be useful in breeding programmes and resistance studies.

THE EFFECT OF COMPANIONATE PLANTING ON LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS OF CABBAGE

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (7) ◽  
pp. 863-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Latheef ◽  
R.D. Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Community Gardens ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lepidopteran Pests ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Home Gardening ◽  
Natural Pest Control

Companionate planting is one of many insect control strategies propounded by organic growers. A variety of herbs are purported to possess repellent properties to many insect pests of vegetables (Rodale 1975; Yepsen 1976; Hill 1976; Anonymous 1977a). According to Atsatt and O'Dowd (1976), repellent plants are members of plant defense guilds which prevent herbivores from locating their hosts. Perrin and Phillips (1978) reviewed the elements of natural pest control characteristic of mixed cropping systems and outlined suggestions for transferring these elements to “agronomically acceptable” monocultures. However, very little work has been done to substantiate these claims and field evidence of the protective properties of companionate plants is, therefore, warranted. This becomes all the more important because of the dramatic increase in home gardening recently in North America. It is estimated that 33 million home and community gardens were grown in the United States during 1976 and 1977 (Anonymous 1977b). Here we describe the results of field experiments in which we sought to quantify the effect of companionate plants against major lepidopteran pests of cabbage in southside Virginia.

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