scholarly journals A-17 Category Test performance in individuals with alcohol versus methamphetamine dependence

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 876-876
Author(s):  
A Walker ◽  
A Hauson ◽  
S Sarkissians ◽  
A Pollard ◽  
C Flora-Tostado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Category Test ◽  
Methamphetamine Dependence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Axis I

Abstract Objective The Category Test (CT) has consistently been found to be sensitive at detecting the effects of alcohol on the brain. However, this test has not been as widely used in examining the effects of methamphetamine. The current meta-analysis compared effect sizes of studies that have examined performance on the CT in alcohol versus methamphetamine dependent participants. Data selection Three researchers independently searched nine databases (e.g., PsycINFO, Pubmed, ProceedingsFirst), extracted required data, and calculated effect sizes. Inclusion criteria identified studies that had (a) compared alcohol or methamphetamine dependent groups to healthy controls and (b) matched groups on either age, education, or IQ (at least 2 out of 3). Studies were excluded if participants were reported to have Axis I diagnoses (other than alcohol or methamphetamine dependence) or comorbidities known to impact neuropsychological functioning. Sixteen articles were coded and analyzed for the current study. Data synthesis Alcohol studies showed a large effect size (g = 0.745, p < 0.001) while methamphetamine studies evidenced a moderate effect size (g = 0.406, p = 0.001); both without statistically significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0). Subgroup analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between the effect sizes from alcohol versus methamphetamine studies (Q-between = 5.647, p = 0.017). Conclusions The CT is sensitive to the effects of both alcohol and methamphetamine and should be considered when examining dependent patients who might exhibit problem solving, concept formation, and set loss difficulties in everyday living.

A-25 Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test in Individuals with Cocaine Versus Methamphetamine Dependence

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 884-884
Author(s):  
A Pollard ◽  
A Hauson ◽  
N Stelmach ◽  
S Sarkissians ◽  
A Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Methamphetamine Dependence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Calculated Effect ◽  
Axis I ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Serial Addition

Abstract Objective Research suggests that cocaine and methamphetamine differ in their impact on executive functions (EF). The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is used to assess working memory; a component of EF. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the difference between the effect of these two drugs on PASAT scores. Data Selection Three researchers independently searched nine databases (e.g., PsycINFO, Pubmed, ProceedingsFirst), extracted required data, and calculated effect sizes. Inclusion criteria identified studies that had (a) compared cocaine or methamphetamine dependent groups to healthy controls and (b) matched groups on either age, education, or IQ (at least 2 out of 3). Studies were excluded if participants were reported to have Axis I diagnoses (other than cocaine or methamphetamine dependence) or comorbidities known to impact neuropsychological functioning. Six articles were coded and analyzed for the current study. Data Synthesis Cocaine studies showed a medium statistically significant effect size (g = 0.370, p = 0.020), while methamphetamine did not (g = 0.198, p = 0.172). There was no heterogeneity in effect sizes for both drugs. Subgroup analysis found no significant difference between the two drugs on the PASAT (Q-between = 0.646, p = 0.421). Conclusions In contrast to methamphetamine, cocaine is associated with poorer performance on PASAT. This is in line with previous studies that found that cocaine had more significant impact on EF than methamphetamine. Given the preliminary nature of this meta-analysis and the small number of studies on the topic, future primary studies should directly contrast how these two drugs impact EF.

scholarly journals Limited Evidence for the Effect of Red Color on Cognitive Performance: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Gnambs
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Color Priming ◽  
Different Populations

Red color supposedly affects cognitive functioning in achievement situations and impairs test performance. Although this has been shown for different cognitive domains in different populations and cultural contexts, recent studies including close replications failed to corroborate this effect. Reported here is a random-effects meta-analysis of 67 effect sizes (38 samples) that compared test performance after viewing red or a control color. For anagram tests and knowledge tests no significant difference between color conditions was found (Cohen’s d of -0.06 and -0.04); for reasoning tests the pooled effect of d = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.61, -0.06] indicated significantly lower scores in the red condition. The cumulative meta-analysis revealed substantially larger effects in initial studies as compared to subsequent research. After correcting for publication bias no evidential value for an effect of red color on intellectual performance was available. The review casts doubt on the existence of a robust color priming effect in achievement situations.

scholarly journals A-09 Attention in individuals with Heroin dependence measured by digit span versus continuous performance test

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 868-868
Author(s):  
S Sarkissians ◽  
A Hauson ◽  
N Stelmach ◽  
A Walker ◽  
A Pollard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Heroin Dependence ◽  
Continuous Performance ◽  
Axis I

Abstract Objective Heroin dependent individuals appear to have significant deficits in attention which can be assessed using digit span forward (DSF) or the continuous performance test (CPT). The current meta-analysis examined differences between DSF and CPT results in studies of heroin dependent participants. Data selection Two researchers independently searched nine databases (e.g., PsycINFO, Pubmed, ProceedingsFirst), extracted required data, and calculated effect sizes. Inclusion criteria identified studies that had (a) compared heroin-dependent groups to healthy controls and (b) matched groups on either age, education, or IQ (at least 2 out of 3). Studies were excluded if participants were reported to have Axis I diagnoses (other than heroin dependence) or comorbidities known to impact neuropsychological functioning. Ten articles were coded and analyzed for the current study. Data synthesis When examined together, DSF and CPT evidenced a moderate and statistically significant effect size estimate (g = 0.614, p = .002). Subgroup analysis did not reveal statistically significant differences between the two groups (Q-Between = 0.228, p = 0.633). The effect size for DSF was g = 0.535 (p = 0.001) and for CPT was g = 0.774 (p = 0.104). The heterogeneity of DSF was in the moderate range, I2 = 71.291%, p = 0.002 while the heterogeneity of CPT was in the large range I2 = 97.863%, p = 0.001. Conclusion Heroin dependent individuals appear to demonstrate similarly poor performance on DSF and CPT. Assuming that both tests measure the same construct, both appear to be sensitive to the effect of Heroin on attention.

scholarly journals A-27 Stroop Color-Word Interference Test in Alcohol Use Disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 886-886
Author(s):  
A Holt ◽  
A Hauson ◽  
P Ujj ◽  
K Reszegi ◽  
N Nemanim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Calculated Effect ◽  
Interference Test ◽  
Axis I

Abstract Objective Poor inhibitory control is a characteristic of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) that might be associated with worse treatment outcomes because of its contribution to the likelihood of relapse. One valid and efficient tool to examine inhibitory control is the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (Stroop inhibition). The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the consistency of findings on the Stroop inhibition subtest and its relationship to length of use and duration of abstinence in AUD. Data Selection Three researchers independently searched nine databases (e.g., PsycINFO, Pubmed, ProceedingsFirst), extracted required data, and calculated effect sizes. Inclusion criteria identified studies that had (a) compared participants with AUD to healthy controls and (b) matched groups on either age, education, or IQ. Studies were excluded if participants were reported to have Axis I diagnoses (other than AUD) or comorbidities known to impact neuropsychological functioning. Twelve articles were coded and analyzed for the current study. Data Synthesis Studies comparing AUD to controls showed a medium statistically significant effect size (g = 0.355, p < 0.001) with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0). Length of use and duration of abstinence did not predict effect sizes. Conclusions The Stroop inhibition measure distinguishes between AUD participants and controls. Given the robustness of this finding, the lack of heterogeneity among studies, and the extensive past use of the Stroop to measure inhibitory control; this test should be considered when examining AUD patients. This is especially important when patients exhibit poor inhibition in daily functioning.

Effect of High-Fat or High-Carbohydrate Diets on Endurance Exercise: A Meta-Analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Erlenbusch ◽  
Mark Haub ◽  
Kathy Munoz ◽  
Susan MacConnie ◽  
Belinda Stillwell
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
High Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
High Carbohydrate

The purpose of this investigation was to clarify, via a meta-analysis, whether the literature favors a high-fat or a high-carbohydrate diet to yield superior endurance exercise performance. Twenty published trials were analyzed to compare exercise performance under different diets. The average effect size of −0.60 indicated that subjects following a high-carbohydrate diet exercised longer until exhaustion. The training status of subjects (trained vs. untrained) was significantly related to effect size (r = −0.576, P < 0.01) and effect sizes separated between trained and untrained subjects were −0.05 and −2.84 respectively. The test for homogeneity revealed significant heterogeneity among effect sizes (χ2 [19] = 43.30, P < 0.05), indicating all of the trials are not describing the same effect. Given this significant heterogeneity, a conclusive endorsement of a high-carbohydrate diet based on the literature is difficult to make. Highly dissimilar trial protocols are the primary reason for heterogeneity.

Effects of Game-Based Learning on Students’ Critical Thinking: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 073563312110070
Author(s):  
Weijie Mao ◽  
Yunhuo Cui ◽  
Ming M. Chiu ◽  
Hao Lei
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Game Based Learning ◽  
Role Playing Games ◽  
Thinking Disposition

As past studies showed mixed results, this meta-analysis determined game-based learning’s overall effect on students’ critical thinking and tested for moderators, using 21 effect sizes from 20 empirical studies of 1,947 participants. The results showed that game-based learning had a significant positive overall effect on students’ critical thinking ( g = 0.863, k = 21) and showed significant heterogeneity among effect sizes. Among game types, role-playing games yielded the largest mean effect size ( g = 1.828, k = 5). The effect size of game-based learning was larger for critical thinking disposition ( g = 1.774, k = 4) than critical thinking skill ( g = 0.661, k = 17). Game-based learning also had a larger effect on students in collectivistic countries ( g = 1.282, k = 10) than those in individualistic countries ( g = 0.432, k = 10). Furthermore, this effect size was larger in later publication years. Lastly, the effect size of game-based learning on critical thinking was larger for studies published in journal articles ( g = 1.154, k = 13) than theses ( g = 0.378, k = 8).

Efficacy and safety of idalopirdine for Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1627-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Matsunaga ◽  
Hiroshige Fujishiro ◽  
Hajime Takechi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Elevated Liver Enzymes ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACTObjective:The efficacy and tolerability of idalopirdine, a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine6 receptor antagonist, in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is uncertain. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing idalopirdine for patients with AD was performed.Methods:We included RCTs of idalopirdine for patients with AD and used Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) scores as a primary measure.Results:Four RCTs with 2,803 patients with AD were included. There was no significant difference in ADAS-cog between the idalopirdine and placebo groups [mean difference (MD) = −0.41,P= 0.32,I2= 62%]. However, significant heterogeneity remained. Sensitivity analysis revealed that idalopirdine was more effective than placebo for ADAS-cog in the high dose and moderate AD subgroups (high dose subgroup: MD = −2.15,P= 0.005, moderate AD subgroup: MD = −2.15,P= 0.005). Moreover, meta-regression analysis showed that idalopirdine effect size for ADAS-cog was associated with mean dose (coefficient, −0.0289), ADAS-cog at baseline (coefficient, −0.9519), and proportion of male participants (coefficient, 0.2214). For safety outcomes, idalopirdine was associated with a higher incidence of at least one adverse event and increased γ-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and vomiting than placebo. There were no significant differences in other secondary outcomes between both treatments.Conclusions:Idalopirdine is not effective for AD patients and is associated with a risk of elevated liver enzymes and vomiting. Although idalopirdine might be more effective at high doses and in moderate AD subgroups, the effect size is small and may be limited.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis of effects of Internet CBT for anxiety disorders: open community versus clinical service recruitment (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geke Romijn ◽  
Neeltje Batelaan ◽  
Robin Kok ◽  
Jeroen Koning ◽  
Anton van Balkom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Clinical Service ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Small Effect Size

BACKGROUND Ample studies show the high potential of Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) for anxiety disorders. However, evidence for its effectiveness in routine care is scarce. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare results obtained in trials with open recruitment to results obtained in trials with clinical service recruitment and updated previous findings. OBJECTIVE The present study thus aims 1) to update the current evidence on iCBT for anxiety disorders by assessing overall efficacy and 2) to assess whether open recruitment results are comparable to those with recruitment in a routine care context. METHODS Randomised controlled trials were included in which the effects of iCBT for anxiety disorders were compared to wait-list controls (WLC) or face-to-face (f2f) CBT controls. Pooled effect sizes based on anxiety measures (primary outcome), depression and quality of life measures (secondary outcomes) were computed. RESULTS We included 42 studies with 53 comparisons (43 open recruitment comparisons and 10 clinical recruitment comparisons). Overall effect size of (1) iCBT versus WLC was g=0.72 (p<.001) and (2) iCBT versus f2f CBT g=0.12 (p=0.11). Subgroup analyses revealed (3) iCBT clinical recruitment studies with WLC as comparator: g=0.29 (p<0.01), while iCBT open recruitment studies with WLC comparators showed a higher significant effect of g=0.76 (p<0.001). (4) Clinical recruitment studies comparing iCBT to f2f CBT revealed a non-significant and small effect size g=0.06 (p=0.51) while open recruitment studies comparing iCBT to f2f CBT showed an effect of g=0.19 (p=0.09). Comparing clinical recruitment trials with open recruitment trials showed a significant difference in effect size (p<.001) based on WLC comparators, and no significant difference (p=0.38) based on f2f CBT comparators. CONCLUSIONS iCBT is effective in samples recruited in routine clinical practice, but effect sizes are smaller than those found in open recruitment trials. More studies with routine care populations are needed to further validate these findings.

Are Gifted Students Perfectionistic? A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzeyir Ogurlu
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gifted Students ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Moderator Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Significant Moderator

There is a rich literature on perfectionism among gifted individuals, but the results of these individual studies are ambiguous. The present meta-analysis aimed to clarify the nature of the relationship between perfectionism and giftedness by focusing on quantitative studies that compared the perfectionism levels of gifted and nongifted students. Hedge’s unbiased g was used as the effect size metric and a three-level multilevel meta-analytic approach taken to control for dependency among the effect sizes obtained from the same study. The analyses used 63 effect sizes from 14 published studies that indicated there was no significant difference between gifted and nongifted students on perfectionism. The analyses also focused on two moderators: dimensions of perfectionism and grade level. The moderator analysis indicated that perfectionism dimensions were a significant moderator. Gifted students, although not significantly, outscored their nongifted peers on perfectionistic strivings but rated lower on perfectionistic concerns.

scholarly journals Limited evidence for the effect of red color on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1374-1382
Author(s):  
Timo Gnambs
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Color Priming ◽  
Different Populations

AbstractRed color supposedly affects cognitive functioning in achievement situations and impairs test performance. Although this has been shown for different cognitive domains in different populations and cultural contexts, recent studies including close replications failed to corroborate this effect. Reported here is a random-effects meta-analysis of 67 effect sizes (38 samples) that compared test performance after viewing red or a control color. For anagram tests and knowledge tests no significant difference between color conditions was found (Cohen’s d of -0.06 and -0.04); for reasoning tests the pooled effect of d = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.61, -0.06] indicated significantly lower scores in the red condition. The cumulative meta-analysis revealed substantially larger effects in initial studies as compared to subsequent research. After correcting for publication bias no evidential value for an effect of red color on intellectual performance was available. The review casts doubt on the existence of a robust color-priming effect in achievement situations.

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