Development of Animated Media-based Discovery Learning to Improve Scientific Literacy Content for Senior High School Students in Human Circulatory System Material

This study aims to: 1) develop animation media-based Discovery Learning on the circulatory system material, 2) determine the feasibility of the media-based Discovery Learning on the circulatory system material, and 3) examine the effectiveness of the media in increasing the dimensions of scientific literacy on content dimension in class XI IPA SMA. This type of research is research and development using the ADDIE model as steps for product development. The test instrument is used to measure the content dimension of scientific literacy content. The subjects of this study were high school students of class XI Science with a total of 30 students at Yasiha Gubug by taking purposive sampling. The media is validated by the validator of media experts, material experts, and Biology teachers as a user. The results of media expert' validation concluded that media was valid with a score of 83.19% and material expert judgment obtained a score of 82.77% included a valid category. Test the effectiveness of the product using paired sample t-test with the acquisition of 0,000 <0.05 means that the animation media-based Discovery Learning is significant to the content dimension of scientific literacy. Based on the N-gain test, animation media-based Discovery Learning can also increase the content dimension of scientific literacy of score 52% with enough categories.

Psychometric Equivalence of the Computerized and Original Halstead Category Test Using a Matched Archival Sample

Objective: Investigate the equivalence of several psychometric measures between the traditional Halstead Category Test (HCT–Original Version [OV]) and the computer-based Halstead Category Test (HCT–Computerized Version [CV]). Method: Data were from a diagnostically heterogeneous, archival sample of 211 adults administered either the HCT by computer ( n = 105) or cabinet ( n = 106) as part of a neuropsychological evaluation. Groups were matched on gender, race, education, Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, and Global Neuropsychological Deficit Score. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine structural equivalence. Score, variability, and reliability equivalency were also examined. Differential item and test functioning under a Rasch model were examined. Results: An identified factor structure from research of the HCT-OV fit the HCT-CV scores adequately: χ2(4) = 8.83, p = .07; root mean square error of approximation = 0.10 [0.00, 0.20]; standardized root mean residual = 0.03; comparative fit index = 0.99. Total scores and variability of subtest scores were not consistently equivalent between the two administration groups. Reliability estimates were, however, similar and adequate for clinical practice: 0.96 for HCT-OV and 0.97 for HCT-CV. About 17% of items showed possible differential item functioning, though just three of these items were statistically significant. Differential test functioning revealed expected total score differences of <1% between versions. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the HCT-CV functions similar to the HCT-OV with there being negligible differences in expected total scores between these versions. The HCT-CV demonstrated good psychometric properties, particularly reliability and construct validity consistent with previous literature. Further study is needed to generalize these findings and to further examine the equivalency of validity evidence between versions.

Normative Data for the Halstead Category Test in a Spanish-Speaking Adult Population Living in the U.S./México Border Region

Objective To provide norms applicable to Spanish-speakers living in the US- Mexico border region for the Halstead Category Test, a test of executive function. Participants and Method Healthy Spanish-speakers (n = 252) were recruited from the US–Mexico border regions (Age: M = 37.3, SD = 10.2, range 19-60; Education: M = 10.7, SD = 4.3, range 0-20; 58% female). Participants completed the Category Test as part of a larger neuropsychological test battery. Relationships between demographic variables and raw error scores were assessed using Spearman and Wilcoxon Rank-sum tests. Demographically corrected T-scores for the Category Test were normed using fractional polynomial equations accounting for age, education, and sex. For comparison, T-scores were also computed for the Spanish-speaking normative sample using published norms for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites and African Americans, which were also adjusted for age, education and sex. Impairment rates based on -1SD (T &lt; 40) were calculated using both, published and current, norms. Results Older age was significantly associated with higher number of errors (Spearman ρ = 0.32, p &lt; .001) and higher education was associated with lower number of errors (Spearman ρ = -0.52, p &lt; .001), with no other significant demographic effects. Applying non-Hispanic norms resulted in overestimation of impairment rates in the Spanish-speaking sample (impairment rate: 48% with White norms and 27% with African American norms). This pattern was evident across levels of education except in participants with 13+ years of education, where rates of impairment using African American norms were comparable to those based on the newly developed norms. Conclusions The present study is the first to develop norms for the Category test in a sample of Spanish-speakers in the US-Mexico border region. These norms will provide tools for the assessment of executive function in this population. Research concerning generalizability of norms to other Spanish-speaking populations is needed.

Math elementary school exam analysis based on the Rasch model

This study aims to analyze the quality of mathematics exam tests in elementary schools using the Rasch model. This research is a type of descriptive quantitative research. The subject of this study were all items of School Examination Mathematical Questions in SDN Region III of Donri Donri Subdistrict, Soppeng Regency. The Mathematics Problem is 40 items. Besides that, in this study, 125 answer sheets from the participants were collected from 125 participants. The technique of data collection is done through documentation. This data collection technique is used to get a set of questions, answers, and a list of names of examinees. The data obtained were analyzed using the Rasch Model. The results showed that based on the Rash Model of 40 items on the mathematics exam 33 items (82.5%) were in a good category, while the other seven items (17.5%) were in a bad category. Test results indicate that the test information value is 13.8 on the ability scale -1.5 with a measurement error of 0.26.

A-17 Category Test performance in individuals with alcohol versus methamphetamine dependence

Objective The Category Test (CT) has consistently been found to be sensitive at detecting the effects of alcohol on the brain. However, this test has not been as widely used in examining the effects of methamphetamine. The current meta-analysis compared effect sizes of studies that have examined performance on the CT in alcohol versus methamphetamine dependent participants. Data selection Three researchers independently searched nine databases (e.g., PsycINFO, Pubmed, ProceedingsFirst), extracted required data, and calculated effect sizes. Inclusion criteria identified studies that had (a) compared alcohol or methamphetamine dependent groups to healthy controls and (b) matched groups on either age, education, or IQ (at least 2 out of 3). Studies were excluded if participants were reported to have Axis I diagnoses (other than alcohol or methamphetamine dependence) or comorbidities known to impact neuropsychological functioning. Sixteen articles were coded and analyzed for the current study. Data synthesis Alcohol studies showed a large effect size (g = 0.745, p < 0.001) while methamphetamine studies evidenced a moderate effect size (g = 0.406, p = 0.001); both without statistically significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0). Subgroup analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between the effect sizes from alcohol versus methamphetamine studies (Q-between = 5.647, p = 0.017). Conclusions The CT is sensitive to the effects of both alcohol and methamphetamine and should be considered when examining dependent patients who might exhibit problem solving, concept formation, and set loss difficulties in everyday living.

A-15 Examining the Construct Validity of the Halstead Category Test - Computer Version: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Objective To examine evidence of construct validity for the Halstead Category Test – Computer Version (HCT-CV). Previous factor analyses on the HCT generally found the following structure: a Counting factor comprised of Subtests I and II; a Spatial Reasoning factor of Subtests III, IV, and VII; and a Proportional Reasoning factor of Subtests V and VI. Method Data were collected from a diagnostically heterogeneous sample of 105 adults (56 males, 49 females) referred for neuropsychological evaluation who completed the HCT-CV. The sample had an average educational attainment of 14.37 years (SD = 2.98 years) and an average age of 62.30 years (SD = 17.53). The total number of errors made on each of the seven HCT subtests were computed for each participant, and these data were used to complete a regularized confirmatory factor analysis based on the identified factor structure of the HCT. Results The confirmatory factor analysis converged normally. The model fitting the HCT factor structure demonstrated excellent overall fit to the HCT-CV data: χ2(11) = 12.20, p = .35; RMSEA = 0.03 (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.11); SRMR = 0.03; CFI = 1.00; TLI = 0.99. Analysis of the residuals and modification indexes further confirmed the excellent model fit. Conclusions The HCT-CV demonstrates what appears to be an unchanged factor structure to the HCT. This finding supports the computerized version construct validity as being seemingly unchanged from that of the slide projector version. This model fit may be viewed as promising for the comparability between the original version and the computerized version.

A-14 An Updated Item Response Analysis of the Halstead Category Test

Objective To identify item parameter estimates for the Halstead Category Test (HCT). Previous item response analyses have been conducted on the HCT but without implementing item response theory methods. Method Data were collected from a diagnostically heterogenous sample of 211 adults (110 males, 101 females) referred for neuropsychological evaluation. The sample had an average educational attainment of 14.18 years (SD = 3.05 years) and an average age of 59.75 years (SD = 18.28). Responses from items on Subtests III-VII were dichotomously coded (0 = incorrect, 1 = correct). A two-parameter, hierarchical, logistic item response model was fit to the data using code in Stan, which uses an adaptive variant of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. Results The model converged appropriately with posterior estimates of item parameters all demonstrating adequate effective sample sizes (min. = 3485.74) and Rhat (max. = 1.002). The range of posterior difficulty estimates follows: -1.06-2.07 (III), -1.67-1.92 (IV), -3.80-2.62 (V), -2.35-4.38 (VI), and -2.28-1.80 (VII). The range of posterior discrimination estimates follows: 0.20-5.41 (III), 0.35-8.17 (IV), 0.11-4.14 (V), 0.69-5.88 (VI), and 0.53-2.83 (VII). Conclusions The HCT demonstrates a wide range of item difficulties with few items being excessively difficult, though some in this range were identified in Subtest VI. Ranges for item discriminations are also wide with some estimates returning high estimates, which may be related to the smaller sample size for a two-parameter model or may be due to less-than-ideal item functioning. These findings support the longstanding sensitivity of the HCT to a variety of neurological conditions and across the severity spectrum.