scholarly journals Maternal Condition and Nestling Sex Ratio in House Wrens

The Auk ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda A. Whittingham ◽  
Stacy M. Valkenaar ◽  
Nicole E. Poirier ◽  
Peter O. Dunn

Abstract Parents are expected to vary the sex ratio of their offspring in relation to the sex-specific fitness benefits. However, benefits of producing sex-biased broods may be dependent on condition of the female. For example, mothers in good condition could achieve greater fitness if they produced high-quality sons, whereas, mothers in poor condition would gain more by producing daughters rather than poor-quality sons. As a consequence, we would expect to see a relationship between female condition and sex ratio of offspring. We examined effect of maternal condition on nestling condition and sex ratio in the House Wren (Troglodytes aedon). Overall sex ratio of nestlings in the population was not biased, but females in better condition produced relatively more sons. Overall positive relationship between female condition and proportion of male offspring was due to second broods, which were significantly male-biased and more likely to be produced by females in good condition. Females in better condition also tended to provision young more often and produced both male and female nestlings in better condition. Polygyny and extrapair mating are common in House Wrens. If males in good condition are more likely to be successful breeders as adults, then it may benefit mothers in good condition to produce more sons.

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-885
Author(s):  
Shannon M. Janota ◽  
Sheryl Swartz Soukup ◽  
Charles F. Thompson

AbstractThe sex-ratio adjustment hypothesis predicts that females should modify offspring sex ratios according to the potential reproductive success of their offspring under existing ecological conditions. We tested this hypothesis in the polygynous, sexually size-monomorphic House Wren (Troglodytes aedon). Typically, nestling House Wrens that hatch in the first half of the three-month breeding season are heavier and have higher rates of survival and recruitment than those that hatch in the second half of the season. Therefore, the sex-ratio adjustment hypothesis predicts that early broods should be more male biased than later broods, because males in good condition have higher reproductive value than females. As conditions deteriorate, broods should become less male biased because female offspring have higher reproductive value than males in poor condition. Contrary to expectation, there was no seasonal decrease in offspring condition, and the sex ratio of broods was consistently male biased throughout the breeding season. We conclude that the results are consistent with the sex-ratio adjustment hypothesis, because in the year of this study female House Wrens were able to produce offspring in similar (and presumably good) condition throughout the breeding season; therefore, they continued to produce broods that were significantly male biased.Sesgo hacia Machos en el Cociente de Sexos de la Prole en Troglodytes aedonResumen. La hipótesis sobre el ajuste del cociente de sexos predice que las hembras deberían modificar el cociente de sexos de la prole en relación al éxito potencial reproductivo de la prole bajo las condiciones ecológicas existentes. Evaluamos esta hipótesis en Troglodytes aedon, especie polígina y sin diferencias sexuales de tamaño. Típicamente, los pichones de T. aedon que eclosionan en la primera mitad de la estación reproductiva (que dura tres meses) son más pesados y presentan tasas de supervivencia y reclutamiento más altas que aquellos que eclosionan en la segunda mitad de la estación. De este modo, la hipótesis sobre el ajuste del cociente de sexos predice que las camadas tempranas deberían estar más sesgadas hacia los machos que las camadas más tardías, ya que los machos en buena condición tienen un valor reproductivo más alto que las hembras. A medida que la condición se deteriora, las camadas deberían estar menos sesgadas hacia los machos debido a que los vástagos de sexo femenino tienen un valor reproductivo más alto que los machos en mala condición. Contrariamente a lo esperado, no hubo una disminución estacional en la condición de la prole, y el cociente de sexos de las camadas estuvo consistentemente sesgado hacia los machos a lo largo de la estación de cría. Concluimos que los resultados son consistentes con la hipótesis sobre el ajuste del cociente de sexos, ya que durante el año de este estudio las hembras de T. aedon fueron capaces de producir proles en condiciones similares (y presumiblemente buenas) a lo largo de la estación de cría. De este modo, las hembras continuaron produciendo camadas que estuvieron significativamente sesgadas hacia los machos.


The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Ellis ◽  
John D. Styrsky ◽  
Robert C. Dobbs ◽  
Charles F. Thompson

Abstract The degree of hatching synchrony in clutches of passerine birds frequently varies among species and among individuals of the same species. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain why some eggs hatch several days after others in a clutch. We tested one of these hypotheses, the energetic-constraints hypothesis, which proposes that females in poor physical condition postpone initiating incubation and hatch their clutches synchronously, whereas females in good condition begin incubation early and hatch their clutches asynchronously. We tested the hypothesis using the House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) because recent studies have found little difference in productivity between synchronously and asynchronously hatching clutches in this species, suggesting that the degree of hatching synchrony varies for reasons unrelated to nestling growth and survival. We used logistic regression to test the dependence of the degree of hatching synchrony on each of two measures of female condition. We found no relationship between female condition and degree of hatching synchrony. These results and two other lines of evidence are inconsistent with the energetic-constraints hypothesis as an explanation for variation in degree of hatching synchrony in this House Wren population. ¿Predice la Condición de las Hembras la Sincronía de Eclosión en Troglodytes aedon? Resumen. Con frecuencia, el grado de sincronía en la eclosión de nidadas de aves paserinas varía entre especies y entre individuos de la misma especie. Se han propuesto muchas hipótesis para explicar por qué algunos huevos eclosionan varios días después que otros en una misma nidada. Pusimos a prueba una de esas hipótesis, la de las limitaciones energéticas, que propone que hembras en mala condición física postponen el inicio de la incubación y sus nidadas eclosionan sincrónicamente, mientras que aquellas en buena condición inician la incubación temprano y sus nidadas eclosionan asincrónicamente. Pusimos a prueba la hipótesis usando a Troglodytes aedon, pues estudios recientes en esta especie han encontrado pocas diferencias en productividad entre nidadas de eclosión sincrónica y asincrónica, lo que sugiere que el grado de sincronía en la eclosión varía por motivos no relacionados con el crecimiento y supervivencia de los pichones. Utilizamos regresión logística para evaluar el grado de dependencia de la sincronía de eclosión en dos medidas de condición física de las hembras. No encontramos ninguna relación entre la condición de las hembras y el grado de sincronía en la eclosión. Estos resultados y otras dos líneas de evidencia son inconsistentes con la hipótesis de las limitaciones energéticas como una explicación para la variación en el grado de sincronía de eclosión en esta población de T. aedon.


1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eigil Reimers ◽  
Dag Lenvik

Theory suggests that a male in good condition at the end of the period of parental investment will outproduce a sister in similar condition, while she will outproduce him if both are in poor condition. Accordingly, natural selection should favor parental ability to adjust the sex ratio of offspring produced according to parental ability to invest. As maternal condition declines from good to poor, the fetal sex ratio should decline from a high proportion of males to a high proportion of females. Data from 1525 domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in six different herds slaughtered during December and January in 1976 through 1979 do not support a relationship between the sex of the fetus and either the condition of the mother or her age.


2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 20160510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Douhard ◽  
Marco Festa-Bianchet ◽  
Fanie Pelletier

Trivers and Willard proposed that offspring sex ratio should vary with maternal condition when condition, meant as maternal capacity to care, has different fitness consequences for sons and daughters. In polygynous and dimorphic species, mothers in good condition should preferentially produce sons, whereas mothers in poor condition should produce more daughters. Despite its logical appeal, support for this hypothesis has been inconsistent. Sex-ratio variation may be influenced by additional factors, such as environmental conditions and previous reproduction, which are often ignored in empirical studies. We analysed 39 years of data on bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis ) that fit all the assumptions of the Trivers–Willard hypothesis. Production of sons increased with maternal condition only for mothers that weaned a son the previous year. This relationship likely reflects a mother's ability to bear the higher reproductive costs of sons. The interaction between maternal condition and previous weaning success on the probability of producing a son was independent of the positive effect of paternal reproductive success. Maternal and paternal effects accounted for similar proportions of the variance in offspring sex. Maternal reproductive history should be considered in addition to current condition in studies of sex allocation.


The Auk ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda A. Whittingham ◽  
Nicole E. Poirier ◽  
Peter O. Dunn

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
C.L. Gable ◽  
T.J. Underwood ◽  
G.P. Setliff

House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon Vieillot, 1809) regularly add spider egg cases (Arachnida: Araneae) to their nests, which may be an example of heterospecific cleaning. This behavior involves one animal employing another to remove parasites from their nests. In House Wren nests, juvenile spiders hatching from egg cases may facilitate the reduction of mites that feed on nestlings. We tested this ectoparasite reduction hypothesis by monitoring House Wren nests for spider egg cases and by collecting completed nests to compare the number of spider egg cases and Dermanyssus hirundinis (Hermann, 1804) mites. No significant relationship was found between the number of spider egg cases and number of D. hirundinis mites in nests. We also found no significant relationship between the number of D. hirundinis mites in nests and the body condition of nestlings. Finally, no significant difference was found between the number of D. hirundinis mites in early versus late season nests, but significantly more spider egg cases were added to late season nests. Of a subsample of spider egg cases dissected, we found that 28% contained spider eggs or embryos. We also identified three species of juvenile spiders from House Wren nests using DNA barcoding. Overall, we found no evidence that spider egg cases reduce the number of D. hirundinis mites or engender better quality offspring in House Wren nests.


The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betsy Abroe ◽  
Julia C. Garvin ◽  
Marc C. Pedersen ◽  
Linda A. Whittingham ◽  
Peter O. Dunn

Abstract When the reproductive value of sons differs from that of daughters, selection will favor broods biased toward the sex that can provide greater fitness benefits. In species where female choice is based on male ornamentation, females mated to highly ornamented males may experience a reproductive advantage by skewing the brood sex ratio toward sons. In the Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), males with larger black facial masks are more likely to gain a social mate and sire extrapair young and, as a result, have increased seasonal reproductive success. Females mated to larger-masked males could benefit if they produced more sons. Given that larger- masked males are preferred as extrapair sires, females may also benefit by producing more extrapair sons. We tested these hypotheses during a five-year study of Common Yellowthroats in Wisconsin. Contrary to our predictions, females did not produce more sons when mated to males with larger masks, and extrapair young were not more likely to be male. However, sons were more likely to be sired by males with longer tarsi, which suggests that females may respond to male body size rather than to male ornament size. El Cociente de Sexos en las Nidadas Está Relacionado con el Tamaño de los Machos pero no con el Atractivo en Geothlypis trichas


1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Pribil ◽  
Jaroslav Picman

We tested five hypotheses that may explain why House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) nests are rarely parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater). House Wrens may prevent parasitism in five ways: (1) by choosing to nest in cavities with small entrances (inaccessible-entrance hypothesis), (2) by restricting the size of the entrance with nest material (nest-structure hypothesis), (3) by puncturing and ejecting parasitic eggs (puncture–ejection hypothesis), (4) by burying the parasitized clutch under a new nest (egg-burial hypothesis), or (5) by abandoning the parasitized nest altogether (nest-desertion hypothesis). We tested these hypotheses in field experiments and found that (i) female cowbirds cannot enter circular entrances smaller than 38 mm in diameter, (ii) wrens prefer cavities with small entrances (inaccessible to cowbirds) to those with large entrances (accessible to cowbirds), (iii) when forced to breed in cavities with large entrances, wrens do not reduce the entrance size with nest material, (iv) despite the unusual strength of cowbird eggs, wrens are physically capable of puncture–ejecting them, (v) wrens do not puncture–eject cowbird eggs from their own nests, (vi) wrens do not abandon parasitized nests or bury the parasitized clutches under new nests. These results are consistent with the inaccessible-entrance hypothesis. We propose that additional nesting adaptations, as well as active cowbird avoidance of House Wrens, may contribute to the low frequency of cowbird parasitism.


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