scholarly journals Steller’s jays assess and communicate about predator risk using detection cues and identity

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 776-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis C. Billings ◽  
Erick Greene ◽  
Dylan MacArthur-Waltz
Keyword(s):  
Predator Risk

scholarly journals The reaction norm of size and age at maturity under multiple predator risk

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 1069-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Beckerman ◽  
Gwendolene M. Rodgers ◽  
Stuart R. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Norm ◽  
Age At Maturity ◽  
Predator Risk

Eggs, nests, and chicks

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Graham Scott
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Shell Thickness ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Predator Risk ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
And Function

This chapter considers the egg from its conception, through laying and incubation, to hatching; and chicks. It begins with the genetic determination of sex in birds, the resultant secondary sexual characteristics, and associated reproductive behaviours. The chapter then considers the structure and function of the egg. The evolution of clutch size and the trade-offs related to food availability and predator risk that birds make when optimizing clutch size are discussed. Egg shell colouration, camouflage, and mimicry are explored as are the impacts of urban living and of anthropogenic pollution upon egg shell thickness and strength. Nest building and the function of nests are described and incubation behaviours are discussed. Embryonic development is considered as are hatching and post-hatching behaviours.

Effect of Turbidity on the Predator Avoidance Behaviour of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Fish Predator ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
Predator Risk

The effect of turbidity on the predator avoidance behaviour of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was determined in controlled laboratory experiments. Bird and fish models were used to simulate predator risk. In the absence of risk, juvenile chinook were distributed randomly within an experimental arena in turbid conditions (≈23 NTU), but in clear conditions (<1 NTU) they associated with the bottom. When introduced to bird and fish predator models, the chinook altered their distribution and occupied deeper parts of the arena regardless of turbidity level. However, their responses in turbid conditions were less marked and of shorter duration. Turbidity apparently reduced the perceived risk of predation in juvenile chinook.

Individual and seasonal differences in antipredatory behaviour of root voles—a field experiment

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (9) ◽  
pp. 1520-1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Borowski
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Root Vole ◽  
Nonbreeding Season ◽  
Mustela Nivalis ◽  
Mammalian Predators ◽  
Predator Risk ◽  
Nonlethal Effects

The response of root vole (Microtus oeconomus) to least weasel (Mustela nivalis) odours during breeding (August) and nonbreeding seasons (November) was studied in the root voles' natural habitat. The aim of this study was to determine if antipredator behaviour of the root vole changed between breeding and nonbreeding seasons and if this change was closely related to individual environmental cues, e.g., weasel odours. It was found that when bait and weasel odour was used, trappability was greater in breeding season than in nonbreeding season. Moreover, in the breeding season, heavier (i.e., older) voles were more frequently captured than lighter (i.e., younger) ones. Results show that voles' antipredator behaviour of weasel avoidance changes seasonally and that during the breeding season voles display a trade-off conflict between predator risk and foraging, if predator risk is high. It is possible that older voles are driven to reproduce in the current breeding season and thus display less weasel avoidance than do younger voles, which have higher probability of surviving to the next breeding season. Results indicate that indirect (nonlethal) effects of mammalian predators on voles' behaviour strongly depend on age, sexual activity, and season.

scholarly journals Predators affect a plant virus through direct and trait-mediated indirect effects on vectors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W. Lee ◽  
Robert E. Clark ◽  
Saumik Basu ◽  
David W. Crowder
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Predation Effects ◽  
Antipredator Behaviors ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Predator Risk ◽  
Aphid Movement ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractArthropods that vector plant pathogens often interact with predators within food webs. Predators affect vectors by eating them (consumptive effects) and by inducing antipredator behaviors (non-consumptive effects), and these interactions may affect transmission of vector-borne pathogens. However, it has proven difficult to experimentally tease apart the effects of predators on vector fitness and behavior as they are often correlated. We addressed this problem by assessing how both aphids and an aphid-borne pathogen were affected by variable predation risk. Specifically, we experimentally manipulated ladybeetle predators’ mouthparts to isolate consumptive, and non-consumptive, effects of predators on aphid fitness, movement, and virus transmission. We show that although lethal predators decreased aphid vector abundance, they increased pathogen transmission by increasing aphid movement among hosts. Moreover, aphids responded to risk of predation by moving to younger plant tissue that was more susceptible to the pathogen. Aphids also responded to predator risk through compensatory reproduction, which offset direct consumptive effects. Our results support predictions of disease models showing alterations of vector movement due to predators can have greater effects on transmission of pathogens than vector consumption. Broadly, our study shows isolating direct and indirect predation effects can reveal novel pathways by which predators affect vector-borne pathogens.

scholarly journals Towards a predictive framework for predator risk effects: the interaction of landscape features and prey escape tactics

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Heithaus ◽  
Aaron J. Wirsing ◽  
Derek Burkholder ◽  
Jordan Thomson ◽  
Lawrence M. Dill
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Features ◽  
Risk Effects ◽  
Prey Escape ◽  
Predator Risk

scholarly journals Effects of Maternal Nutrition, Resource Use and Multi-Predator Risk on Neonatal White-Tailed Deer Survival

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e100841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared F. Duquette ◽  
Jerrold L. Belant ◽  
Nathan J. Svoboda ◽  
Dean E. Beyer ◽  
Patrick E. Lederle
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Predator Risk

scholarly journals Sex-specific maternal programming of corticosteroid-binding globulin by predator odour

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1964) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameera Abuaish ◽  
Sophia G. Lavergne ◽  
Benjamin Hing ◽  
Sophie St-Cyr ◽  
Richard L. Spinieli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Promoter Dna Methylation ◽  
Corticosteroid Binding Globulin ◽  
Predator Risk ◽  
Promoter Dna ◽  
Natural Stressor ◽  
Predator Odour

Predation is a key organizing force in ecosystems. The threat of predation may act to programme the endocrine hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis during development to prepare offspring for the environment they are likely to encounter. Such effects are typically investigated through the measurement of corticosteroids (Cort). Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) plays a key role in regulating the bioavailability of Cort, with only free unbound Cort being biologically active. We investigated the effects of prenatal predator odour exposure (POE) in mice on offspring CBG and its impact on Cort dynamics before, during and after restraint stress in adulthood. POE males, but not females, had significantly higher serum CBG at baseline and during restraint and lower circulating levels of Free Cort. Restraint stress was associated with reduced liver transcript abundance of SerpinA6 (CBG-encoding gene) only in control males. POE did not affect SerpinA6 promoter DNA methylation. Our results indicate that prenatal exposure to a natural stressor led to increased CBG levels, decreased per cent of Free Cort relative to total and inhibited restraint stress-induced downregulation of CBG transcription. These changes suggest an adaptive response to a high predator risk environment in males but not females that could buffer male offspring from chronic Cort exposure.

An anti-predator response in the great tit (Parus major): Is it tuned to predator risk?

Oecologia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Curio ◽  
G. Klump ◽  
K. Regelmann
Keyword(s):  
Parus Major ◽  
Great Tit ◽  
Predator Response ◽  
Predator Risk
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