scholarly journals Facing death together: heterospecific aggregations of blowfly larvae evince mutual benefits

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1113-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Komo ◽  
Quentin Scanvion ◽  
Valéry Hedouin ◽  
Damien Charabidze
Keyword(s):  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Calliphora Vicina ◽  
Binary Choice ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Faster Development ◽  
Foraging Associations

AbstractHeterospecific aggregations and foraging associations have been observed between different species, from apes to birds to insects. Such associations are hypothesized to result in a mutually beneficial relationship entailing benefits that are not apparent in conspecific groupings. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to investigate 1) how 3 blowfly species, namely, Calliphora vicina, Calliphora vomitoria, and Lucilia sericata, aggregate according to species, and 2) if developmental benefits are linked to heterospecific aggregation. For objective (1), larvae of 2 species were placed between 2 conspecific aggregates, each with a different species (i.e., a binary choice test). After 20 h, the positions of all larvae were determined. On average, 98% of the maggots added later settled together on one of the 2 pre-existing aggregations, demonstrating a collective choice. The aggregation spot with C. vicina was preferred against others, indicating different attractiveness of different species. To relate this behavior to its benefits (objective ii), C. vicina and L. sericata larvae were raised from first instar to adult in con- and heterospecific conditions, and their development time, mortality rates, and morphometrics were measured. Thereby, mutual and asymmetric consequences were observed: specifically, there were significant increases in size and survival for L. sericata and faster development for C. vicina in heterospecific groups. These results indicate that the predilection for heterospecific association leads to mutual developmental benefits. This heterospecific aggregation behavior may be a resource-management strategy of blowflies to face carrion-based selection pressure.

scholarly journals Is High Whitefly Abundance on Cassava in Sub-Saharan Africa Driven by Biological Traits of a Specific, Cryptic Bemisia tabaci Species?

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Habibu Mugerwa ◽  
Peter Sseruwagi ◽  
John Colvin ◽  
Susan Seal
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Population Development ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

In East Africa, the prevalent Bemisia tabaci whiteflies on the food security crop cassava are classified as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) species. Economically damaging cassava whitefly populations were associated with the SSA2 species in the 1990s, but more recently, it has been to SSA1 species. To investigate whether biological traits (number of first instar nymphs, emerged adults, proportion of females in progeny and development time) of the cassava whitefly species are significant drivers of the observed field abundance, our study determined the development of SSA1 sub-group (SG) 1 (5 populations), SG2 (5 populations), SG3 (1 population) and SSA2 (1 population) on cassava and eggplant under laboratory conditions. SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 populations’ development traits were similar. Regardless of the host plant, SSA1-SG2 populations had the highest number of first instar nymphs (60.6 ± 3.4) and emerged adults (50.9 ± 3.6), followed by SSA1-SG1 (55.5 ± 3.2 and 44.6 ± 3.3), SSA2 (45.8 ± 5.7 and 32.6 ± 5.1) and the lowest were SSA1-SG3 (34.2 ± 6.1 and 32.0 ± 7.1) populations. SSA1-SG3 population had the shortest egg–adult emergence development time (26.7 days), followed by SSA1-SG1 (29.1 days), SSA1-SG2 (29.6 days) and SSA2 (32.2 days). Regardless of the whitefly population, development time was significantly shorter on eggplant (25.1 ± 0.9 days) than cassava (34.6 ± 1.0 days). These results support that SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 B. tabaci can become highly abundant on cassava, with their species classification alone not correlating with observed abundance and prevalence.

scholarly journals Impact of Comingled Heterospecific Assemblages on Developmentally Based Estimates of the Post-Mortem Interval—A Study with Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Phormia regina (Meigen) and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 280
Author(s):  
Krystal R. Hans ◽  
Sherah L. Vanlaerhoven
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Lucilia Sericata ◽  
Phormia Regina ◽  
Calliphora Vicina ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Blow Flies ◽  
Post Mortem Interval

Estimates of the minimum post-mortem interval (mPMI) using the development rate of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are common in modern forensic entomology casework. These estimates are based on single species developing in the absence of heterospecific interactions. Yet, in real-world situations, it is not uncommon to have 2 or more blow fly species developing on a body. Species interactions have the potential to change the acceptance of resources as suitable for oviposition, the timing of oviposition, growth rate, size and development time of immature stages, as well as impacting the survival of immature stages to reach adult. This study measured larval development and growth rate of the blow flies Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826), Phormia regina (Meigen, 1826) and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) over five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 °C), in the presence of conspecifics or two-species heterospecific assemblages. Temperature and species treatment interacted such that L. sericata larvae gained mass more rapidly when in the presence of P. regina at 20 and 30 °C, however only developed faster at first instar. At later stages, the presence of P. regina slowed development of L. sericata immatures. Development time of C. vicina immatures was not affected by the presence of P. regina, however larvae gained mass more slowly. Development time of P. regina immatures was faster in the presence of either L. sericata or C. vicina until third instar, at which point, the presence of L. sericata was neutral whereas C. vicina negatively impacted development time. Phormia regina larvae gained mass more rapidly in the presence of L. sericata at 20 °C but were negatively impacted at 25 °C by the presence of either L. sericata or C. vicina. The results of this study indicate that metrics such as development time or larval mass used for estimating mPMI with blow flies are impacted by the presence of comingled heterospecific blow fly assemblages. As the effects of heterospecific assemblages are not uniformly positive or negative between stages, temperatures or species combinations, more research into these effects is vital. Until then, caution should be used when estimating mPMI in cases with multiple blow fly species interacting on a body.

scholarly journals The expression of additive and nonadditive genetic variation under stress.

Genetics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 1149-1159
Author(s):  
M W Blows ◽  
M B Sokolowski
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Hybrid Breakdown ◽  
Bristle Number ◽  
Gene Complexes ◽  
General Expectation ◽  
Faster Development ◽  
Seven Generations ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects

Abstract Experimental lines of Drosophila melanogaster derived from a natural population, which had been isolated in the laboratory for approximately 70 generations, were crossed to determine if the expression of additive, dominance and epistatic genetic variation in development time and viability was associated with the environment. No association was found between the level of additive genetic effects and environmental value for either trait, but nonadditive genetic effects increased at both extremes of the environmental range for development time. The expression of high levels of dominance and epistatic genetic variation at environmental extremes may be a general expectation for some traits. The disruption of the epistatic gene complexes in the parental lines resulted in hybrid breakdown toward faster development and there was some indication of hybrid breakdown toward higher viability. A combination of genetic drift and natural selection had therefore resulted in different epistatic gene complexes being selected after approximately 70 generations from a common genetic base. After crossing, the hybrid populations were observed for 10 generations. Epistasis contributed on average 12 hr in development time. Fluctuating asymmetry in sternopleural bristle number also evolved in the hybrid populations, decreasing by > 18% in the first seven generations after hybridization.

scholarly journals Antibiosis effects of wild bean lines containing arcelin on Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. de G. Oriani ◽  
Fernando M. Lara
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Biochemical Screening ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Wild Genotype ◽  
Biotype B ◽  
Antibiosis Resistance ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci Biotype B

The biology of Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Genn.) on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes containing arcelin in the seeds was evaluated. Also, biochemical screening of seeds and leaves material of these genotypes were carried out in order to verify if traces of arcelin could be found in its leaves. The tests were conducted under greenhouse conditions, in the dry and wet seasons, with the following genotypes: ARC 3s, ARC 5s (wild genotypes containing arcelin in the seeds); ARC 1, ARC 2, ARC 3, ARC 4 (near isogenic lines containing arcelin in the seeds - EMBRAPA) and Porrillo 70, Bolinha, IAPAR MD 808 (commercial genotypes without arcelin). The wild genotypes, ARC 3s and ARC 5s, showed high levels of antibiosis resistance type, mainly for ARC 5s which presented the highest nymphs mortality rates, approximately 90%. Also, the longest development time for nymphs fed on ARC 5s genotype suggest antibiosis and/or feeding nonpreference resistance type. The wild genotype resistance is not related with arcelin presence in the seeds, since no trace of this protein was found in its leaves.

scholarly journals Cross-Platform Analysis and Development of Online Catering Platform (Kunyahku)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Indra Swarna ◽  
James Purnama ◽  
Randy Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Code Base ◽  
Cross Platform ◽  
Multiple Platform ◽  
Suitable Framework ◽  
Faster Development ◽  
The Cost

Kunyahku is an online catering platform that provides catalogs of menus from local caterer near the user and become the distributor that will take the order and deliver them. In developing an application, the most important aspect for small start-up companies is to have a development stack that can deliver the app into multiple platform by using a single code base to reduce the cost of developers, improve efficiency and reduce the time to develop the application itself. To provide the necessity of building an application for Kunyahku, this paper is aimed to find the most suitable cross platform framework for developing the Kunyahku application. This research focuses on comparison between existing popular cross-platform and proving the suitable one to be used in development cycle in the case of Kunyahku requirements. Sets of test and comparison were conducted in order to compare the most suitable cross platform between React Native and Flutter such as render test and comparing each advantage coming out from using each of the cross-platform.After all the requirements are gathered and then the most suitable framework will be chosen which is Flutter. Performance analysis and the benefits of using Flutter framework are elaborated and thus proving it is the most suitable development stack to be used in Kunyahku case and the development time can be reduced since it is a cross-platform technology that output the application into three different platform rather than managing separate platform for each different one. Testing shows that flutter also met all the requirements thus proving flutter address the problems of scalability and faster development compared to developing each native platform one by one.

scholarly journals Evolution of reduced pre-adult viability and larval growth rate in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for shorter development time

2000 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. PRASAD ◽  
MALLIKARJUN SHAKARAD ◽  
VISHAL M. GOHIL ◽  
V. SHEEBA ◽  
M. RAJAMANI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Larval Growth Rate ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Faster Development

Four large (n > 1000) populations of Drosophila melanogaster, derived from control populations maintained on a 3 week discrete generation cycle, were subjected to selection for fast development and early reproduction. Egg to eclosion survivorship and development time and dry weight at eclosion were monitored every 10 generations. Over 70 generations of selection, development time in the selected populations decreased by approximately 36 h relative to controls, a 20% decline. The difference in male and female development time was also reduced in the selected populations. Flies from the selected populations were increasingly lighter at eclosion than controls, with the reduction in dry weight at eclosion over 70 generations of selection being approximately 45% in males and 39% in females. Larval growth rate (dry weight at eclosion/development time) was also reduced in the selected lines over 70 generations, relative to controls, by approximately 32% in males and 24% in females. However, part of this relative reduction was due to an increase in growth rate of the controls populations, presumably an expression of adaptation to conditions in our laboratory. After 50 generations of selection had elapsed, a considerable and increasing pre- adult viability cost to faster development became apparent, with viability in the selected populations being about 22% less than that of controls at generation 70 of selection.

Life-History Data of a Mexican Population of Triatoma nitida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Alejandro Martínez-Ibarra ◽  
Tzintli Meraz-Medina ◽  
Benjamin Nogueda-Torres ◽  
María E Villagrán-Herrera ◽  
Jose A de Diego-Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Blood Meals ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract This study reports the third collection of Triatoma nitida Usinger in Mexico, with a brief description of the collection area and an investigation of parameters related to its vectorial capacity. Whether a triatomine (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) species is a primary or secondary vector is determined by factors that include vectorial capacity, anthropophilic habits, geographic distribution, and capacity to invade and colonize human dwellings. However, when the primary vectors are removed, secondary vectors, such as T. nitida, can become important transmitters of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas to humans. To estimate the vectorial capacity of T. nitida, the egg-to-adult development time, number of blood meals required to molt to the adult stage, accumulative mortality, onset time for feeding, and feeding and defecation times were examined. Triatoma nitida (n = 100) required a median of 590 d to complete its development time, with a median of 31 blood meals. Almost half (46.5%) of the nymphs died during the cycle. The onset of feeding time exceeded 5 min in all nymphal instars (except on fourth-instar) and adults and feeding times exceeded 22 min in all instars, except on first-instar nymphs. No defecation was observed for 65.6% (n = 383) of the triatomines during a 30-min observation period. Based on the six parameters, the vectorial capacity of T. nitida should be considered as low. However, surveillance programs should include this species because the potential importance of T. nitida as a vector has been demonstrated in other countries.

scholarly journals Distribution, Survival, and Development of Spotted Lanternfly on Host Plants Found in North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1270-1281
Author(s):  
Kelly Murman ◽  
Gregory P Setliff ◽  
Cathryn V Pugh ◽  
Michael J Toolan ◽  
Isaiah Canlas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Quercus Acutissima ◽  
Tree Of Heaven ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Sawtooth Oak

Abstract Studies were conducted from 2015 to 2018 to evaluate spotted lanternfly (SLF) distribution and developmental suitability of different plant species in the U.S. Tree bands on 283 trees spanning 33 species captured 21,006 SLF in 2 yr. More SLF per tree were trapped on tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) than on other species, on average, and most adults were captured on tree-of-heaven. Frequency of detection of adult SLF was higher on tree-of-heaven than on other species but was actually equal or lower on tree-of-heaven than on all other species combined for younger SLF stages in 2015. An enclosed choice test between tree-of-heaven and black walnut Juglans nigra L. (Fagales: Juglandaceae) revealed nymphs showed little consistent preference, whereas adults consistently and significantly preferred tree-of-heaven. No-choice field sleeve studies evaluated SLF survivorship on 26 host plant species in 17 families. Ten plant species supported SLF for an average of ≥45 d, with the rest unable to support SLF for >30 d. Eight species were able to support development from first instar to adult: black walnut, chinaberry Melia azedarach L. (Sapindales: Meliaceae), oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (Celastrales: Celastraceae), tree-of-heaven, hops Humulus lupulus L. (Rosales: Cannabaceae), sawtooth oak Quercus acutissima Carruthers (Fagales: Fagaceae), butternut Juglans cinerea L, and tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifiera L. (Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae). The ability of SLF to develop to adult on hosts other than tree-of-heaven may impact pest management decisions.

scholarly journals Recognition of endophytic Trichoderma species by leaf-cutting ants and their potential in a Trojan-horse management strategy

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 160628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silma L. Rocha ◽  
Harry C. Evans ◽  
Vanessa L. Jorge ◽  
Lucimar A. O. Cardoso ◽  
Fernanda S. T. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Trojan Horse ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Atta Sexdens ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Quality Control Process ◽  
Leaf Cutting

Interactions between leaf-cutting ants, their fungal symbiont ( Leucoagaricus ) and the endophytic fungi within the vegetation they carry into their colonies are still poorly understood. If endophytes antagonistic to Leucoagaricus were found in plant material being carried by these ants, then this might indicate a potential mechanism for plants to defend themselves from leaf-cutter attack. In addition, it could offer possibilities for the management of these important Neotropical pests. Here, we show that, for Atta sexdens rubropilosa , there was a significantly greater incidence of Trichoderma species in the vegetation removed from the nests—and deposited around the entrances—than in that being transported into the nests. In a no-choice test, Trichoderma- infested rice was taken into the nest, with deleterious effects on both the fungal gardens and ant survival. The endophytic ability of selected strains of Trichoderma was also confirmed, following their inoculation and subsequent reisolation from seedlings of eucalyptus. These results indicate that endophytic fungi which pose a threat to ant fungal gardens through their antagonistic traits, such as Trichoderma , have the potential to act as bodyguards of their plant hosts and thus might be employed in a Trojan-horse strategy to mitigate the negative impact of leaf-cutting ants in both agriculture and silviculture in the Neotropics. We posit that the ants would detect and evict such ‘malign’ endophytes—artificially inoculated into vulnerable crops—during the quality-control process within the nest, and, moreover, that the foraging ants may then be deterred from further harvesting of ‘ Trichoderma -enriched’ plants.

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