Conditional Bisimilarity for Reactive Systems

Reactive systems \`a la Leifer and Milner, an abstract categorical framework for rewriting, provide a suitable framework for deriving bisimulation congruences. This is done by synthesizing interactions with the environment in order to obtain a compositional semantics. We enrich the notion of reactive systems by conditions on two levels: first, as in earlier work, we consider rules enriched with application conditions and second, we investigate the notion of conditional bisimilarity. Conditional bisimilarity allows us to say that two system states are bisimilar provided that the environment satisfies a given condition. We present several equivalent definitions of conditional bisimilarity, including one that is useful for concrete proofs and that employs an up-to-context technique, and we compare with related behavioural equivalences. We consider examples based on DPO graph rewriting, an instantiation of reactive systems.

The neural dynamics associated with computational complexity

Many everyday tasks require people to solve computationally complex problems. However, little is known about the effects of computational hardness on the neural processes associated with solving such problems. Here, we draw on computational complexity theory to address this issue. We performed an experiment in which participants solved several instances of the 0-1 knapsack problem, a combinatorial optimization problem, while undergoing ultra-high field (7T) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Instances varied in two task-independent measures of intrinsic computational hardness: complexity and proof hardness. We characterise a network of brain regions whose activation was correlated with both measures but in distinct ways, including the anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the intra-parietal sulcus/angular gyrus. Activation and connectivity changed dynamically as a function of complexity and proof hardness, in line with theoretical computational requirements. Overall, our results suggest that computational complexity theory provides a suitable framework to study the effects of computational hardness on the neural processes associated with solving complex cognitive tasks.

A Survey on Comparison of Performance Analysis on a Cloud-Based Big Data Framework

Cloud computing is offering various IT services to many users in the work on the basis of pay-as-you-use model. As the data is increasing day by day, there is a huge requirement for cloud applications that manage such a huge amount of data. Basically, a best solution for analyzing such amounts of data and handles a large dataset. Various companies are providing such framesets for particular applications. A cloud framework is the accruement of different components which is similar to the development tools, various middleware for particular applications and various other database management services that are needed for cloud computing deployment, development and managing the various applications of the cloud. This results in an effective model for scaling such a huge amount of data in dynamically allocated recourses along with solving their complex problems. This article is about the survey on the performance of the big data framework based on a cloud from various endeavors which assists ventures to pick a suitable framework for their work and get a desired outcome.

A Review on Big Data Stream Processing Applications: Contributions, Benefits, and Limitations

The amount of data in our world has been rapidly keep growing from time to time. In the era of big data, the efficient processing and analysis of big data using machine learning algorithm is highly required, especially when the data comes in form of streams. There is no doubt that big data has become an important source of information and knowledge in making decision process. Nevertheless, dealing with this kind of data comes with great difficulties; thus, several techniques have been used in analyzing the data in the form of streams. Many techniques have been proposed and studied to handle big data and give decisions based on off-line batch analysis. Today, we need to make a constructive decision based on online streaming data analysis. Many researchers in recent years proposed some different kind of frameworks for processing the big data streaming. In this work, we explore and present in detail some of the recent achievements in big data streaming in term of contributions, benefits, and limitations. As well as some of recent platforms suitable to be used for big data streaming analytics. Moreover, we also highlight several issues that will be faced in big data stream processing. In conclusion, it is hoped that this study will assist the researchers in choosing the best and suitable framework for big data streaming projects.

Chancen des inklusionsorientierten Sachunterrichts für didaktisch-diagnostisches Handeln. Konzeptionelle und methodologisch-methodische Grundlagen eines forschungsbasierten Entwicklungsansatzes für die Lehrer*innenbildung

In der Herausforderung Unterricht inklusionsbezogen weiterzuentwickeln, manifestiert sich unter anderem die Forderung nach der Qualifizierung von (angehenden) Lehrkräften bzgl. der Anwendung und Umsetzung einer alltagsintegrierten Diagnostik mit dem Ziel, Kinder individualisiert und gleichzeitig mit Bezug auf einen gemeinsamen Lerngegenstand zu unterrichten. Dabei ist ein didaktisch-diagnostisches Handeln aller Lehrkräfte gefordert, welches im Kontext einer professionellen und inklusionsorientierten Gestaltung sowie einer angemessenen Begleitung und Förderung von Lern- und Entwicklungsprozessen steht. In der Konzeption entsprechender Aus- und Weiterbildungsformate setzt das geplante Projekt DiPoSa (Didaktisch-diagnostische Potentiale des inklusionsorientierten Sachunterrichts) an. Ziel ist es durch einen Design-Based-Research-Ansatz (DBR) Videovignetten zu erstellen und zu evaluieren, mittels derer entsprechende Kompetenzen von (angehenden) Lehrkräften im Sachunterricht weiterentwickelt werden können. Dabei bietet insbesondere der Sachunterricht als vielperspektivisches Integrationsfach der Grundschule einen passenden Rahmen, kindliche Lernpotentiale als Ausgangspunkt für didaktisch-diagnostisches Handeln nutzbar zu machen. Denn in aktuellen inklusionsorientierten Ansätzen des Sachunterrichts sind sowohl reformpädagogisch orientierte als auch offene Konzepte und Modelle des adaptiven Unterrichts zu finden, die sich an den unterschiedlichen Programmatiken der Umsetzung von individueller Förderung orientieren. Im folgenden Beitrag werden die dem geplanten Projekt zugrundeliegenden theoretischen und empirischen Zugänge erläutert und die forschungsmethodische Umsetzung durch einen DBR-Ansatz als methodologische Basis für eine Theorie-Praxis-verzahnende Forschungsperspektive auf diagnostisches Handeln sowie die Förderung diagnostischer Handlungskompetenzen durch Videovignetten im Kontext der Aus- und Weiterbildung von (Sachunterrichts-)Lehrkräften diskutiert. Abstract The challenge to further promote practices of inclusive teaching, requires the development of assessment literacy. Combined with the aim to teach all children in a collaborative learning environment, qualification of teachers (in training) in the application and implementation of formative assessment as an integrated daily routine is needed. Therefore, the project DiPoSa focuses on the development of appropriate training and qualification formats. The project heads to create and evaluate video vignettes using a design-based-research approach (DBR), which can then be used to further develop assessment literacy of teachers in social studies and science in primary education. As a multi-perspective integrative subject in elementary school social studies and science in primary education offers a suitable framework for practices of formative assessment taking children's learning potentials as a serious concern. Foundations can be seen in current inclusive approaches to social studies and science in primary education, where reform pedagogically orientation and open concepts can as well be found as models of adaptive teaching. Although there are different theoretical and programmatic implementations, both perspectives share an orientation towards individual support of children. With this in mind the following article tries to lay down the theoretical and empirical approaches of the planed project DiPoSa and discusses methodological foundations of the project. The discussion focuses on how assessment practices as well as assessment literacy can be promoted through a DBR research-design using video vignettes in the context of teacher education and qualification and rooting in a deepened science-practice partnership.Zusammenfassung englisch

Harmonizing Commercial and Investment Arbitration: Conflict Dynamics

This article provides an independent analysis of the scope and extent of arbitration under investment agreements, and the implications of the possible convergence in the process of harmonization of international commercial arbitration law.The successful settlement of any dispute depends on the compatibility of the nature of the dispute with the technique to which it is submitted for resolution. In the last decade, there was a constant increase in the number of disputes that were subjected to arbitration and a major chunk of those disputes covered a comparatively new but known area called international investment law. With economic globalization allowing the free flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) in and out of a country, the existing regulatory framework in international law to standardize investment liberalization is often seen as ineffective, hence the consequent disputes. Here, arbitration offers a suitable framework for the amicable settlement of commercial disputes covering investment agreements with the assistance of bilateral or multilateral agreements between the states. Preferential trade agreements pertaining to investment often contain an arbitration clause for the settlement of future disputes between parties. At this juncture, one may find that there exists a fundamental dilemma in ascertaining the true nature of investment arbitration and how it is different from commercial arbitration. For example, the protection being offered to human rights under the purview of investment arbitration may generate doubts in the minds of investment arbitrators. In commercial arbitration, divergences in a pluralistic order become particularly relevant whereas the diverse legal cultures supported by individual constitutional frameworks have a direct impact on investment arbitration due to their practical application. The article also discusses the need for harmonized rules governing arbitration procedures while maintaining the functional dissimilarities between commercial and investment arbitration.

A Sociocultural Framework to Analyse M-Learning Options for Early Childhood Development (ECD) Practitioner Training

This article, a contribution to m-learning (mobile learning) research, centres on the motivation for, and development of, a suitable framework to analyse m-learning options for early childhood development (ECD) practitioners. Grounded in a sociocultural learning perspective, the framework was developed as part of a larger study into the feasibility of m-learning for ECD practitioners in the Penreach professional development programme in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Analysis of existing frameworks enabled the development of a new, modified framework to suit the Penreach context. Here we unpack the framework and explain its development. The new, modified framework aims to assist researchers, developers, and implementers by prompting consideration of five sociocultural learning features associated with m-learning in ECD, namely: device access, data affordability, authenticity, collaboration, and personalisation.

Non-communicable diseases risk factors among government school teachers in Jodhpur, Rajasthan

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are considered as life-style diseases. School teachers' behavior in this context could be transmitted to students that may act as determining factor of prevention for NCDs at primordial level. Aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of risk factors among teachers and their practices with respect to common NCDs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jodhpur among 394 government school teachers. Questionnaire was adopted from WHO STEPS tool and responses were documented which included socio-demographic details, anthropometric measurements and risk factors including diet, hours of physical activity, smoking and alcohol intake. Mean age of participants was 43 years out of which 23% were found to be having blood pressure more than 140/90 mm of Hg at the time of interview. 4.8% consumed alcohol and 1.5% was smokers. Mean body mass index (BMI) was found to be 25.4 while only 13% had their cholesterol checked post 35 years of age. The 23.6% had knowledge of reducing fat by using the right type of cooking oil, 35.7% were engaged in any daily physical activity and 76% knew that excess salt was not good for health. This survey assessed baseline levels by identifying the overall prevalence and associated risk factors that provided first step towards initiating surveillance for NCDs among school teachers in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, whilst delivering the necessary information concerning with developing a suitable framework for determining priorities over intervention.

Data Security and Privacy-Preserving Framework Using Machine Learning and Blockchain in Big-Data to Data Middle Platform in the Era of IR 4.0

The modem data is collected by using IoT, stored in distributed cloud storage, and issued for data mining or training artificial intelligence. These new digital technologies integrate into the data middle platform have facilitated the progress of industry, promoted the fourth industrial revolution. And it also has caused challenges in security and privacy-preventing. The privacy data breach can happen in any phase of the Big-Data life cycle, and the Data Middle Platform also faces similar situations. How to make the privacy avoid leakage is exigency. The traditional privacy-preventing model is not enough, we need the help of Machine-Learning and the Blockchain. In this research, the researcher reviews the security and privacy-preventing in Big-Data, Machine Learning, Blockchain, and other related works at first. And then finding some gaps between the theory and the actual work. Based on these gaps, trying to create a suitable framework to guide the industry to protect their privacy when the organization contribute and operate their data middle platform. No only academicians, but also industry practitioners especially SMEs will get the benefit from this research.

TURNAROUND MANAGEMENT THROUGH BUSINESS PROCESS RE-ENGINEERING FOR SBH HOTEL, BANDUNG, INDONESIA

The fact that no company is immune to distress is indicates that business perform in a similar fashion to products. A company’s failures or a passive reaction towards handling the decline would cause the company to end up in crisis. SBH Hotel has seen a continuous decline in occupancy rates from 2016 to 2019 from 70% to 51% and 27% after the COVID-19 pandemic hit. The hotel’s sluggish reaction towards increasing competition and small improvements in management since its establishment in 1998, were not good enough to help them rebound and led them into their present crisis. Turnaround management that has been known to be the best strategy to save a company in crisis, is the proposed solution that this research paper recommends. The financial data collected, interviews and this researcher’s observations in the gathering of the data and the use of International Turnaround Management Standard framework by Lymbersky will be applied in a bid to resolve the hotel’s crisis. The International Turnaround Management Standard framework by Lymbersky was chosen as a solution due to its thorough coverage which makes it the suitable framework for the turnaround process. The framework covers areas which include, financial strategies, operational and others that the hotel needs to consider. Business process re-engineering will also help this researcher to determine the change in management processes that are required when developing the hotel’s turnaround management action plan. This research paper will be a development from previous research regard its marketing strategy. Turnaround management will be done through Business Process Reengineering as a rethinking and redesign process. SBH Hotel expected to perform with better management process and provide customer with higher quality of services and products. SBH Hotel ability in earning outstanding guests’ experience brought hotel more guest loyalty and help the hotel remain profitable.