Deontic Fallacies and the Arguments against Conscientious Objections

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Napier

Abstract The respect for one’s conscience is rooted in a broader respect for the human person. The conscience represents a person’s ability to identify the values and goods that inform her moral identity. Ignoring or overriding a person’s conscience can lead to significant moral and emotional distress. Refusals to respect a person’s conscientious objection to cases of killing are a source of incisive distress, since judgments that it is impermissible to kill so-and-so are typically held very strongly and serve as central moral commitments in one’s moral identity. I think it is wrong for a college basketball coach to pay his players, but I think it is really wrong to kill people. This article argues that any and all arguments for not respecting a conscientious objection to abortion commit a deontic fallacy. Briefly, arguments for the permissibility of abortion are structurally such that abortion is at best permissible, not obligatory. Now, arguments to justify overriding or ignoring a person’s objection to performing action (α) must understand action (α) as being obligatory. Thus, arguments for ignoring conscientious objections to performing abortion are incongruent with the actual philosophical justifications for abortion. Such arguments, then, commit a deontic fallacy.

Author(s):  
Carolyn McLeod

Commentators often point out—in discussions about conscientious objection in reproductive health care in particular—that patients are merely inconvenienced rather than harmed by conscientious refusals. Chapter 2 opposes this view. Since good empirical evidence is lacking about the effects of conscientious refusals on patients, the author has to speculate about their impact, which she does based on various factors, including the power dynamic between health care professionals and patients, and the well-documented stigma that patients experience when they request services such as abortions or emergency contraception. The author argues that in light of these factors, typical refusals in reproductive health care (those that aim to protect the life of the “unborn”) very likely cause harm. They do so by threatening the moral identity of patients (as good or fine people), their sense of security (in being able to control what happens to their body), or their reproductive autonomy.


2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Arthur Vacca

Rispondendo ad un articolo di Lisa Harris, pubblicato su New England Journal of Medicine 2012; 367: 981-983, il presente contributo riesamina la coscienza da un punto di vista giuridico. Si analizza l’obiezione di coscienza nel contesto della legge federale statunitense sulla tutela della libertà religiosa e si spiega perché coloro che obiettano moralmente di eseguire aborti hanno il legittimo diritto all’obiezione di coscienza. Al contrario, si argomenta che gli abortisti non hanno diritto di eseguire aborti per ragioni di “coscienza”, perché il concetto giuridico di coscienza preclude l’intrusione nei diritti di altri, e nel caso dell’aborto, l’abortista va ad intromettersi nel diritto alla vita di un innocente, un essere umano non ancora nato. Il concetto giuridico di “coscienza” non può ignorare o respingere la conclusione scientifica ed empiricamente verificabile che la vita di un essere umano inizia al momento della fecondazione. Inoltre, è tracciata una distinzione tra diritti negativi e positivi nel contesto della legge federale statunitense, che rende ancor più insostenibile l’uso della “coscienza” come giustificazione per eseguire aborti. L’enfasi dell’articolo è sulla realtà oggettiva e i limiti della coscienza come concetto giuridico, affermando che, mentre la coscienza procede da un soggetto umano, non è pertanto arbitraria e quindi inutilizzabile come concetto giuridico. Riconoscendo i diversi approcci e le implicazioni derivanti dal concetto di coscienza, l’articolo mira semplicemente a difendere la coscienza come un concetto giuridico praticabile, radicato nella legge federale degli Stati Uniti e nella ragione umana. In questo modo, si prefigge di promuovere l’autentica libertà della persona umana a vivere secondo i dettami della propria coscienza. ---------- Responding to Dr. Lisa Harris’ article in the September 13, 2012 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, this article reexamines conscience from a legal perspective. It analyzes conscientious objection in the context of U.S. federal law protecting religious freedom and explains why those who morally object to performing abortions have a legitimate right to conscientious objection. In contrast, the argument is made that abortionists have no such right to perform abortions for reasons of “conscience” because the legal concept of conscience precludes intruding upon the rights to others, and in the case of abortion, the abortionist is intruding upon the right to life of an innocent, unborn human being. The legal concept of “conscience” cannot ignore or dismiss the scientific and empirically verifiable conclusion that a human being comes into existence at the moment of fertilization. Furthermore, a distinction is drawn between negative and positive rights in the context of U.S. federal law which renders the use of “conscience” as a justification for performing abortions all the more untenable. The emphasis of the article is on the objective reality and limits of conscience as a legal concept, affirming that, while conscience proceeds from a human subject, it is not, therefore, arbitrary and thus unworkable as a legal concept. Recognizing the various approaches to and implications ensuing from the concept of conscience, the article simply aims to defend conscience as a workable legal concept rooted in U.S. federal law and human reason. In this way, it seeks to advance the authentic freedom of the human person to live in accordance with the dictates of his/her conscience.


2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-48
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kobyliński

The main aim of this article is to outline a global panorama of respecting fundamental human right to freedom of conscience and the presentation of the discussion on conscientious objection in the Italian health service. The conscience clause is born of the conviction that freedom of individual conscience takes precedence over the provisions of state law. Its deepest justification is the freedom and dignity of the human person. Today there are in many countries all kinds of attempts to reduce or completely negate the conscience clause. It seems that the current dispute about the principle of conscientious objection should be seen as one of the manifestations of contemporary cultural and ideological war.


1999 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ellsberg ◽  
Trinidad Caldera ◽  
Andrés Herrera ◽  
Anna Winkvist ◽  
Gunnar Kullgren

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 875-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine J. Kaslow ◽  
Elsa A. Friis-Healy ◽  
Jordan E. Cattie ◽  
Sarah C. Cook ◽  
Andrea L. Crowell ◽  
...  

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