scholarly journals Metabolic Responses to Native Wheat Starch (MidsolTM 50) versus Resistant Wheat Starch Type 4 (Fibersym® RW): Standard versus Marketplace Testing Protocols

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor J Steele ◽  
Clodualdo C Maningat ◽  
Paul A Seib ◽  
Mark D Haub ◽  
Sara K Rosenkranz
Keyword(s):  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Substitution Method ◽  
Standard Testing ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Intervention Protocol ◽  
Insulin Responses ◽  
Testing Protocols ◽  
Postprandial Insulin

ABSTRACT Background To investigate the effect of resistant starch (RS) on acute glycemic or insulinemic responses, the FDA indicates that control and RS-enriched foods must contain equivalent amounts of digestible carbohydrate. However, RS-containing foods typically contain less digestible carbohydrate per serving than control foods. Thus, controlling for digestible carbohydrate may yield different responses as compared with controlling for serving size. Objective The aim was to compare the postprandial metabolic responses to native wheat starch (NWS) versus RS type 4 (RS4) using digestible carbohydrate–matched portions compared with weight-matched portions. Methods A single-blind, randomized-controlled crossover trial examined glycemic and insulinemic responses over 2 h following consumption of 4 cracker conditions and a dextrose beverage in apparently healthy participants (n = 14). Crackers provided 50 g of digestible carbohydrate using the FDA's meal-intervention protocol or 35 g of carbohydrate by weight for the marketplace substitution method. Crackers differed only by the type of starch additive: NWS (MidsolTM 50; MGP Ingredient, Inc.) or RS4 (Fibersym® RW; MGP Ingredients, Inc.). Glucose concentrations were assessed at baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min; insulin concentrations were measured at baseline and 30, 60, and 120 min. Results There were no significant differences between 50 g digestible carbohydrate cracker conditions for glucose or insulin incremental AUC (iAUC). The 35 g carbohydrate by weight conditions were not different for glucose iAUC [mean (95% CI): 35 g NWS: 1317 (677, 2169); 35 g RS4: 701 (262, 1351); P > 0.05]. However, insulin iAUC was lower following 35 g RS4 compared with 35 g NWS [35 g RS4: 92 (1, 259); 35 g NWS: 697 (397, 1080); P < 0.01]. Conclusions In healthy adults, consumption of RS4 crackers decreased postprandial insulin responses compared with NWS crackers when using the marketplace substitution method compared with the FDA standard testing method, with similar postprandial glucose responses. Comparisons of the FDA standard testing method and the marketplace substitution method should be investigated further to elucidate differential physiological impacts on consumers.

scholarly journals Consumption of Cross-Linked Resistant Starch (RS4XL) on Glucose and Insulin Responses in Humans

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enas K. Al-Tamimi ◽  
Paul A. Seib ◽  
Brian S. Snyder ◽  
Mark D. Haub
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Serial Blood ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Insulin Responses ◽  
First Time

Objective. The objective was to compare the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to nutrition bars containing either cross-linked RS type 4 (RS4XL) or standard wheat starch in normoglycemic adults (n= 13; age = 27±5 years; BMI = 25±3 kg/m2).Methods. Volunteers completed three trials during which they consumed a glucose beverage (GLU), a puffed wheat control bar (PWB), and a bar containing cross-linked RS4 (RS4XL) matched for available carbohydrate content. Serial blood samples were collected over two hours and glucose and insulin concentrations were determined and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated.Results. TheRS4XLpeak glucose and insulin concentrations were lower than the GLU and PWB (P<.05). The iAUC for glucose and insulin were lower following ingestion of RS4 compared with the GLU and PWB trials.Conclusions. These data illustrate, for the first time, that directly substituting standard starch withRS4XL, while matched for available carbohydrates, attenuated postprandial glucose and insulin levels in humans. It remains to be determined whether this response was due to the dietary fiber and/or resistant starch aspects of theRS4XLbar.

scholarly journals Efficacy of fibre additions to flatbread flour mixes for reducing post-meal glucose and insulin responses in healthy Indian subjects

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanny M. Boers ◽  
Katrina MacAulay ◽  
Peter Murray ◽  
Rajendra Dobriyal ◽  
David J. Mela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
South Asian Population ◽  
Chickpea Flour ◽  
Insulin Responses ◽  
Postprandial Insulin

AbstractThe incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide, including in developing countries, particularly in South Asia. Intakes of foods generating a high postprandial glucose (PPG) response have been positively associated with T2DM. As part of efforts to identify effective and feasible strategies to reduce the glycaemic impact of carbohydrate-rich staples, we previously found that addition of guar gum (GG) and chickpea flour (CPF) to wheat flour could significantly reduce the PPG response to flatbread products. On the basis of the results of an exploratory study with Caucasian subjects, we have now tested the effect of additions of specific combinations of CPF with low doses of GG to a flatbread flour mix for their impacts on PPG and postprandial insulin (PPI) responses in a South-Asian population. In a randomised, placebo-controlled full-cross-over design, fifty-six healthy Indian adults consumed flatbreads made with a commercial flatbread mix (100 % wheat flour) with no further additions (control) or incorporating 15 % CPF in combination with 2, 3 or 4 % GG. The flatbreads with CPF and 3 or 4 % GG significantly reduced PPG (both ≥15 % reduction in positive incremental AUC, P<0·01) and PPI (both ≥28 % reduction in total AUC, P<0·0001) compared with flatbreads made from control flour. These results confirm the efficacy and feasibility of the addition of CPF with GG to flatbread flour mixes to achieve significant reductions in both PPG and PPI in Indian subjects.

scholarly journals Bread making technology influences postprandial glucose response: a review of the clinical evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (7) ◽  
pp. 1001-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikoleta S. Stamataki ◽  
Amalia E. Yanni ◽  
Vaios T. Karathanos
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Response ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Bread Making ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Insulin Responses ◽  
Baking Conditions ◽  
Postprandial Insulin Response ◽  
Postprandial Insulin

AbstractLowering postprandial glucose and insulin responses may have significant beneficial implications for prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders. Bread is a staple food consumed worldwide in a daily basis, and the use of different baking technologies may modify the glucose and insulin response. The aim of this review was to critically record the human studies examining the application of different bread making processes on postprandial glucose and insulin response to bread. Literature is rich of results which show that the use of sourdough fermentation instead of leavening with Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to modulate glucose response to bread, whereas evidence regarding its efficacy on lowering postprandial insulin response is less clear. The presence of organic acids is possibly involved, but the exact mechanism of action is still to be confirmed. The reviewed data also revealed that the alteration of other processing conditions (method of cooking, proofing period, partial baking freezing technology) can effectively decrease postprandial glucose response to bread, by influencing physical structure and retrogradation of starch. The development of healthier bread products that benefit postprandial metabolic responses is crucial and suggested baking conditions can be used by the bread industry for the promotion of public health.

scholarly journals Does food insulin index in the context of mixed meals affect postprandial metabolic responses and appetite in obese adolescents with insulin resistance? A randomised cross-over trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (8) ◽  
pp. 942-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Caferoglu ◽  
N. Hatipoglu ◽  
H. Gokmen Ozel
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Valid Predictor ◽  
High Insulin ◽  
Insulin Responses ◽  
Single Blind ◽  
Postprandial Insulin

AbstractThe food insulin index (II) is a novel classification to rank foods based on their physiological insulin demand relative to an isoenergetic reference food and may be a valid predictor of postprandial insulin responses and appetite. The present study aimed to compare the postprandial metabolic responses and appetite sensations to two macronutrient- and glycaemic index-matched meals with either high or low II in obese adolescents with insulin resistance (IR). A randomised, single-blind and cross-over trial included fifteen obese adolescents aged 12–18 years with IR. All participants were provided with two different breakfasts: low glycaemic index, low insulin index (LGI-LII) and low glycaemic index, high insulin index (LGI-HII), with a 1-week washout period between meals. At time 0 (just before breakfast), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min after the meal, serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide levels and appetite scores were measured. At the end of 4 h, participants were served ad libitum lunch. Early (0–30 min), late (45–240 min) and total (0–240 min) postprandial insulin responses were lowered by 56·1, 34·6 and 35·6 % after the LGI-LII meal v. LGI-HII meal (P < 0·05). The feeling of hunger was also decreased by 25·8 and 27·5 % after the LGI-LII meal v. LGI-HII meal during the late and total responses (P < 0·05). The calculation II of meals or diets may be a useful dietary approach to reduce postprandial hyperinsulinaemia and the perceived hunger in obese adolescents with IR.

scholarly journals Effects of a beetroot juice with high neobetanin content on the early-phase insulin response in healthy volunteers

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Wootton-Beard ◽  
Kirsten Brandt ◽  
David Fell ◽  
Sarah Warner ◽  
Lisa Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Early Phase ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Lower Glucose ◽  
Phase 0 ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Insulin Responses ◽  
Postprandial Insulin

AbstractProduce rich in phytochemicals may alter postprandial glucose and insulin responses by interacting with the pathways that regulate glucose uptake and insulin secretion in humans. The aims of the present study were to assess the phytochemical constituents of red beetroot juice and to measure the postprandial glucose and insulin responses elicited by either 225 ml beetroot juice (BEET), a control beverage matched for macronutrient content (MCON) or a glucose beverage in healthy adults. Beetroot juice was a particularly rich source of betalain degradation compounds. The orange/yellow pigment neobetanin was measured in particularly high quantities (providing 1·3 g in the 225 ml). A total of sixteen healthy individuals were recruited, and consumed the test meals in a controlled single-blind cross-over design. Results revealed a significant lowering of the postprandial insulin response in the early phase (0–60 min) (P < 0·05) and a significantly lower glucose response in the 0–30 min phase (P < 0·05) in the BEET treatment compared with MCON. Betalains, polyphenols and dietary nitrate found in the beetroot juice may each contribute to the observed differences in the postprandial insulin concentration.

scholarly journals Diets high in resistant starch increase plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide, a gut microbiome metabolite associated with CVD risk

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 2020-2029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Bergeron ◽  
Paul T. Williams ◽  
Regina Lamendella ◽  
Nastaran Faghihnia ◽  
Alyssa Grube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Meal Test ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Resistant Starches ◽  
Insulin Responses ◽  
Postprandial Insulin

AbstractProduction of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a biomarker of CVD risk, is dependent on intestinal microbiota, but little is known of dietary conditions promoting changes in gut microbial communities. Resistant starches (RS) alter the human microbiota. We sought to determine whether diets varying in RS and carbohydrate (CHO) content affect plasma TMAO levels. We also assessed postprandial glucose and insulin responses and plasma lipid changes to diets high and low in RS. In a cross-over trial, fifty-two men and women consumed a 2-week baseline diet (41 percentage of energy (%E) CHO, 40 % fat, 19 % protein), followed by 2-week high- and low-RS diets separated by 2-week washouts. RS diets were assigned at random within the context of higher (51–53 %E)v. lower CHO (39–40 %E) intake. Measurements were obtained in the fasting state and, for glucose and insulin, during a meal test matching the composition of the assigned diet. With lower CHO intake, plasma TMAO, carnitine, betaine andγ-butyrobetaine concentrations were higher after the high-v. low-RS diet (P<0·01 each). These metabolites were not differentially affected by highv. low RS when CHO intake was high. Although the high-RS meal reduced postprandial insulin and glucose responses when CHO intake was low (P<0·01 each), RS did not affect fasting lipids, lipoproteins, glucose or insulin irrespective of dietary CHO content. In conclusion, a lower-CHO diet high in RS was associated with higher plasma TMAO levels. These findings, together with the absence of change in fasting lipids, suggest that short-term high-RS diets do not improve markers of cardiometabolic health.

scholarly journals Extending the Overnight Fast: Sex Differences in Acute Metabolic Responses to Breakfast

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2173
Author(s):  
Fiona S. Atkinson ◽  
Gabriella A. Heruc ◽  
Verena M. H. Tan ◽  
Peter Petocz ◽  
Jennie C. Brand-Miller
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Postprandial Glycaemia ◽  
Standard Breakfast ◽  
Insulin Responses

Fasting for over 24 h is associated with worsening glucose tolerance, but the effect of extending the overnight fast period (a form of time-restricted feeding) on acute metabolic responses and insulin sensitivity is unclear. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the acute impact of an increased fasting period on postprandial glycaemia, insulinemia, and acute insulin sensitivity responses to a standard meal. Twenty-four lean, young, healthy adults (12 males, 12 females) consumed a standard breakfast after an overnight fast of 12, 14, and 16 h. Each fast duration was repeated on three separate occasions (3 × 3) in random order. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were measured at regular intervals over 2 h and quantified as incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Insulin sensitivity was determined by homeostatic modelling assessment (HOMA). After 2 h, ad libitum food intake at a buffet meal was recorded. In females, but not males, insulin sensitivity improved (HOMA%S +35%, p = 0.016, marginally significant) with longer fast duration (16 h vs. 12 h), but paradoxically, postprandial glycaemia was higher (glucose iAUC +37%, p = 0.002). Overall, males showed no differences in glucose or insulin homeostasis. Both sexes consumed more energy (+28%) at the subsequent meal (16 h vs. 12 h). Delaying the first meal of the day by 4 h by extending the fasting period may have adverse metabolic effects in young, healthy, adult females, but not males.

scholarly journals Altered postprandial hormone and metabolic responses in a simulated shift work environment

1998 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Ribeiro ◽  
SM Hampton ◽  
L Morgan ◽  
S Deacon ◽  
J Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Clock Time ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Normal Environment ◽  
Insulin Responses

The circadian rhythms of most night shift workers do not adapt fully to the imposed behavioural schedule, and this factor is considered to be responsible for many of the reported health problems. One way in which such disturbances might be mediated is through inappropriate hormonal and metabolic responses to meals, on the night shift. Twelve healthy subjects (four males and eight females) were studied on three occasions at the same clock time (1330 h), but at different body clock times, after consuming test meals, first in their normal environment, secondly after a forced 9 h phase advance (body clock time approximately 2230 h) and then again 2 days later in the normal environment. They were given a low-fat pre-meal at 0800 h, then a test meal at 1330 h with blood sampling for the following 9 h. Parameters measured included plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), triacylglycerol (TAG), insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, and urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin. In contrast with a previous study with a high-fat pre-meal, postprandial glucose and insulin responses were not affected by the phase shift. However, basal plasma NEFAs were lower immediately after the phase shift (P < 0.05). Incremental (difference from basal) TAG responses were significantly higher (P < 0.05) immediately after the phase shift compared with before. Two-day post-phase shift responses showed partial reversion to baseline values. This study suggests that it takes at least 2 days to adapt to eating meals on a simulated night shift, and that the nutritional content of the pre-meals consumed can have a marked effect on postprandial responses during a simulated phase shift. Such findings may provide a partial explanation for the increased occurrence of cardiovascular disease reported in shift workers.

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