PENGARUH DURASI CAMSHAFT TERHADAP PRESTASI MESIN BENSIN 110 CC

Effect camshaft duration on performance of 110 cc gasoline engine carried out by comparing the duration of standard and modified camshafts of 303.5o to obtain maximum power produced by 110 cc smash type Suzuki engine and its effect on fuel consumption. This study aims to know of, (1) torque machine with modification in duration camshaft, (2) knowing total fuel consumption (FC), spesific fuel consumption (SFC), and thermal efficiency of the standard engine and engine has modified in the duration of its camshaft. A method of testing in the research was done with to the chassis of dynamometer as for testing done in PT.Suzuki galesong pratama through adhering to a standard testing suzuki that has been set. The results showed a change in the value of power and torque on standard engine power obtained by 5.3 HP or 3.88 kW to 6.0 HP or 4.63 kW with a torque value of 6.14 N.m, then decreased at 9000 rpm rotation of 5.02 Nm. While the duration of power modification camshaft obtained is 7.5 HP or 5.60 kW with a torque of 8.65 Nm, it also decreases at 9000 rpm of 7.9 HP or 5.89 kW. The significant effect occurs at 9000 rpm. Standard camshaft FC value is obtained at 0.8946 kg / h, SFC = 0.1932 kg / kWh. For duration of modified camshaft, at 9000 rpm, FC value obtained was 1.6526 kg / h, SFC = 0.2806 kg / kWh. From these results, it is known that an increase occurred in the FC value with a difference of 0.758 from previous results with an SFC of 0.0874. Furthermore, thermal efficiency obtained by 50.01% at 6000 rpm decrease by 40.29 % at 9000 rpm for standard camshaft. The duration of a modified camshaft was obtained by 53.34% at 6000 rpm and decrease by 30.02 % at 9000 rpm.

RILEM Standard: testing methods for determination of the double-K criterion for crack propagation in concrete using wedge-splitting tests and three-point bending beam tests, recommendation of RILEM TC265-TDK

In this recommendation, standard testing methods for determination of the double-K criterion for Mode I crack propagation in concrete using wedge-splitting tests and three-point bending beam tests are specified for the fracture parameters of the initial cracking toughness $$K_{Ic}^{ini}$$ K Ic ini and the unstable fracture toughness $$K_{Ic}^{un}$$ K Ic un . Along with the recommendation of the standard testing methods, the theoretical background of the double-K criterion, the calculation methods and the results of round-robin testing for determining the double-K fracture parameters are presented in technical reports [1, 2]. The recommendation of the standard testing methods includes geometry for specimens, fabrication of specimens, testing machine, load transmission system and supports, measuring instruments, determination of initial cracking load Pini, determination of measured maximum load Pmax and initial compliance ci, calculation methods for wedge-splitting test and three-point bending beam test, as well as the testing results and testing report forms. According to these methods, the measured fracture parameters of double-K criterion can be used to describe the onset of cracking, and the onset of unstable cracking or failure for predicting crack initiation, structure failure and crack stability in concrete structures.

Current Ice Adhesion Testing Methods and the Need for a Standard: A Concise Review

Ice accretion is a serious problem in cold climates, causing automobile and airplane accidents, as well as severe economic losses throughout various sectors. To combat these issues, many solutions have been developed, such as de-icing materials, which can delay or prevent the adhesion of ice to a surface through chemical, temperature, or physical means. To effectively assess the properties of a de-icing material, ice adhesion testing must be conducted, of which there are numerous types, each with their own characteristics. Unfortunately, the same material, tested with different methods, may provide very different ice adhesion values. This makes it difficult to properly characterize a material’s de-icing properties and compare values across the literature. In this review, we identified the main ice adhesion testing methods and compared ice adhesion values for a particular material with different testing methods. We then discussed some of the main issues with current ice testing methods and identified some of the main factors that may affect ice adhesion values, namely ice quality and the use of a mold, which may significantly affect the final ice adhesion results. Finally, we proposed a new, simple standard testing method, in an attempt to eliminate some of the issues with current ice testing methods.

Impact of the type, orientation, and temperature of solar panels on observed efficiency in Latvian climate conditions

As solar panel technologies become more and more popular and are increasingly used in nearly zero-energy building solutions, one must make sure that the panels are able to achieve performance indicators similar to those determined by manufacturers under standard testing in real-world conditions. To determine the efficiency of poly- and monocrystalline panels, depending on their spatial orientation and other parameters, a set of test panels was installed in Riga, Latvia in 2018 for long-term monitoring of their power output. This article summarizes the results for the first two years. In the autumn of the second year of monitoring, temperature sensors were installed on the solar panels to study the effects of temperature on panel’s efficiency. The data show that the panel’s spatial positioning is a crucial element affecting the amount of energy produced, although the type of panels and climate conditions are also important.

Homologous recombination proficiency in ovarian and breast cancer patients

Homologous recombination and DNA repair are important for genome maintenance. Genetic variations in essential homologous recombination genes, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 results in homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) and can be a target for therapeutic strategies including poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). However, response is limited in patients who are not HRD, highlighting the need for reliable and robust HRD testing. This manuscript will review BRCA1/2 function and homologous recombination proficiency in respect to breast and ovarian cancer. The current standard testing methods for HRD will be discussed as well as trials leading to approval of PARPi’s. Finally, standard of care treatment and synthetic lethality will be reviewed.

Heat Inactivation of Clinical COVID-19 Samples on an Industrial Scale for Low Risk and Efficient High-throughput qRT-PCR Diagnostic Testing

We report the development of a large scale process for heat inactivation of clinical COVID-19 samples prior to laboratory processing for detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR. With more than 120 million confirmed cases, over 3.8 million deaths already recorded at the time of writing, COVID-19 continues to spread in many parts of the world. Consequently, mass testing for SARS-CoV-2 will remain at the forefront of the COVID-19 response and prevention for the near future. Due to biosafety considerations the standard testing process requires a significant amount of manual handling of patient samples within calibrated microbiological safety cabinets. This makes the process expensive, effects operator ergonomics and restricts testing to higher containment level laboratories. We have successfully modified the process by using industrial catering ovens for bulk heat inactivation of oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples within their secondary containment packaging before processing in the lab to enable all subsequent activities to be performed in the open laboratory. As part of a validation process, we tested greater than 1200 clinical COVID-19 samples and showed less than 1 Cq loss in RT-qPCR test sensitivity. We also demonstrate the bulk heat inactivation protocol inactivates a murine surrogate of human SARS-CoV-2. Using bulk heat inactivation, the assay is no longer reliant on containment level 2 facilities and practices, which reduces cost, improves operator safety and ergonomics and makes the process scalable. In addition, heating as the sole method of virus inactivation is ideally suited to streamlined and more rapid workflows such as ‘direct to PCR’ assays that do not involve RNA extraction or chemical neutralisation methods.

ART initiations following community-based distribution of HIV self-tests: meta-analysis and meta-regression of STAR Initiative data

IntroductionMeasuring linkage after community-based testing, particularly HIV self-testing (HIVST), is challenging. Here, we use data from studies of community-based HIVST distribution, conducted within the STAR Initiative, to assess initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and factors driving differences in linkage rates.MethodsFive STAR studies evaluated HIVST implementation in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. New ART initiations during the months of intervention at clinics in HIVST and comparison areas were presented graphically, and study effects combined using meta-analysis. Meta-regression was used to estimate associations between the impact of community-based HIVST distribution and indicators of implementation context, intensity and reach. Effect size estimates used (1) prespecified trial definitions of ART timing and comparator facilities and (2) exploratory definitions accounting for unexpected diffusion of HIVST into comparison areas and periods with less distribution of HIVST than was expected.ResultsCompared with arms with standard testing only, ART initiations were higher in clinics in HIVST distribution areas in 4/5 studies. The prespecified meta-analysis found positive but variable effects of HIVST on facility ART initiations (RR: 1.14, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.40; p=0.21). The exploratory meta-analysis found a stronger impact of HIVST distribution on ART initiations (RR: 1.29, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.55, p=0.02).ART initiations were higher in studies with greater self-reported population-level intensity of HIVST use (RR: 1.12; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.21; p=0.02.), but did not differ by national-level indicators of ART use among people living with HIV, number of HIVST kits distributed per 1000 population, or self-reported knowledge of how to link to care after a reactive HIVST.ConclusionCommunity-based HIVST distribution has variable effect on ART initiations compared with standard testing service alone. Optimising both support for and approach to measurement of effective and timely linkage or relinkage to HIV care and prevention following HIVST is needed to maximise impact and guide implementation strategies.