ETUDE DE LA NUISANCE DES MOUSTIQUES EN MILIEU UNIVERSITAIRE DE LA FACULTE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES, BAMAKO, MALI

Mosquitoes are potentially harmful and vectors of pathogens. They compromise the rest and well-being of humans and animals. The main goal of this study is to determine the composition of mosquitoes responsible of human biting at the Faculty of Sciences and Technics of Bamako-Mali. Longitudinal monitoring with monthly cross-sectional visit was carried out from September to December 2019, in order to collect the endophilic and endophagic mosquitoes. The spray-catch was used as a collection methodin 21 rooms selected randomly at the FST. Mosquitoes were identified morphologically andthen by PCR. ELISA-CSP test was used for Plasmodium infection index and the ELISA blood-meal test was to determine mosquitoes blood origin. In total, 802 mosquitoes were collected: 794Culex and 8Anopheles. There were 200 males and 602 females. Female mosquitoes were separated by gonotrophic stages: 231 unfed, 223 fed, 80 semi-gravid and 68 gravid. Up to 34% of Culex and 67% of Anopheles had a preference for human blood, but no female tested positive for Plasmodium infection. This result would be due to the small number of Anopheles captured. An. coluzzii is the only Anopheles species collected.This study shows that mosquitoes are linked to serious problems of nuisance and risk of pathogens transmission in the university. They highly prefer to feed on human host.

251 Dietary Tryptophan Supplementation Improves Fat and Glucose Metabolism in Low Birthweight Piglets

Low birthweight (LBW) is associated with complications such as insulin resistance, obesity and metabolic disturbances of glucose and fat metabolism in early life. Dietary tryptophan (Trp) has been shown to reduce liver fat and suppress hyperglycemia in different species. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary Trp on growth and glucose and fat metabolism in LBW pigs. Piglets (7-days old) weighing < 2 kg were considered as LBW while those weighting > 2 kg were considered as normal birthweight (NBW) and randomly allocated to 4 milk-replacer based treatments (n = 7–8): 1) NBW-0% Trp (NBW-T0), 2) LBW-0% Trp (LBW-T0), 3) LBW-0.4% Trp (LBW-T0.4), and 4) LBW-0.8% Trp (LBW-T0.8) for 3 weeks. Growth parameters and body weight were measured biweekly. At week 3, blood and tissue samples were collected in overnight-fasted pigs after a meal test. The mRNA and protein abundance of key glucose and lipid metabolism markers were determined using qPCR and western blot, respectively. Univariate GLM with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (SPSS®) was used to analyze the data. Growth parameters did not change among groups. Plasma triglycerides concentration was lower in LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8 compared to LBW-T0. Blood glucose was lower in LBW-T0.8 than LBW-T0 at 60 min following the meal test. LBW-T0.8 had a lower transcript and protein abundance of liver glucose transporter-2 relative to LBW-T0. Compared to LBW-T0, LBW-T0.8 had a higher mRNA abundance of glucokinase and tended to have a lower transcript of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in liver. Relative to LBW-T0, LBW-T0.4 tended to have a lower protein abundance of sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 in jejunum. Compared to LBW-T0, LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8 had a lower transcript of liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase and LBW-T0.4 had a higher transcript of liver 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. In conclusion, Trp supplementation reduced the lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, but increased the glycolysis in LBW piglets.

Abnormal Non Esterified Fatty Acid Suppression After a Mixed Meal Test in Patients With Partial Lipodystrophy

Elevated levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) have been observed in individuals with several clinical scenarios of insulin resistance, such as in diabetes mellitus and lipodystrophy. Insulin is a well-known stimulator of de novo lipogenesis. Despite the reduction of adipose tissue mass, paradoxically elevated circulating NEFA concentrations have been observed in patients with different lipodystrophy syndromes. Aiming to understand the behavior of NEFA in lipodystrophy versus common Type 2 diabetes mellitus during feeding, we compared NEFA kinetics during a mixed meal test in patients with partial lipodystrophy (PL) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We reviewed data from 17 PL patients (13F/4M, ages 12–64) matched by gender and BMI to 20 DM patients (13F/7M, ages 24–72). All patients were evaluated during fasting state and then underwent a mixed meal test (MMT). Blood samples were collected before (fasting) and at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes post-meal to measure glucose, insulin, non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA), and triglyceride levels. Adipose tissue insulin resistance (ADIPO-IR) and homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated from the fasting measurements, and the area under the curve (AUC) and maximum percentage of change from baseline were calculated from the MMT data. Fasting insulin and triglyceride (Tg) levels were lower in the DM group compared to the PL group (Insulin: 24.4±13.7 vs. 68.0±67.2 pmol/L, p=0.003 and Tg: 168.0±107.7 vs. 1378.3±1927.3 mg/dL, p<0.001). HOMA-IR was significantly higher in the PL group compared to the DM group (6.0±2.1 vs. 3.3±1.5, p=0.005), as well as ADIPO-IR (297.0±241.1 vs. 115.3±80.1, p=0.03). NEFA, glucose and triglyceride AUC were significantly higher in the PL group compared to the DM group. Patients with PL had higher glucose and triglyceride levels throughout the MMT at all-time points. Interestingly, NEFA levels were similar in both groups at baseline, but the PL group suppressed NEFA less than DM group (54.9±13.3% vs. 69.2±11.1%, p=0.002) despite higher insulin levels. Additionally, we divided the PL group according to the presence of a pathogenic variant in the lamin A gene (n=8) versus those without mutations in this gene (n=9), but there were no notable differences among these subgroups with respect to NEFA levels at baseline or during the meal. These findings support the need to better understand and address the origins of abnormal NEFA kinetics and adipose tissue insulin resistance in PL patients.

Antidiabetic Effects of NRDT50, the Enzyme Composition for Regulating Sugar Metabolism, in Db/db Mice

Objective: The enzyme composition (NRDT50) which includes glucosyl transferase, fructosyl transferase, amylase, glucose oxidase, and catalase can regulate the absorption of glucose into the body by converting the carbohydrates in food to a form of sugar that is not absorbed in the stomach before being decomposed in the small intestine into glucose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of repeated oral administration of NRDT50 in db/db mice. Methods: The 7-week-old db/db mice were divided into 3 groups; control, NRDT50 (300mg/kg/day), and voglibose (0.3mg/kg/day). Mice received a standard diet containing drugs for 1 month. Fasting and postprandial glucose level was measured every week. Mixed meal test, biochemical assays, and fecal microbiota analysis were performed. Results: There were no significant differences in body weight or food intake between the three groups. However, NRDT50 treatment led to a significant reduction in fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels compared to control after 3, 4 weeks. The blood glucose levels during the mixed meal test were significantly lower in NRDT50 group compared to control group. NRDT50 treatment reduced triglyceride level, tend to reduce LDL level, and increased relative Bacteroidetes-Firmicutes ratio. NRDT50 treatment did not demonstrate any negative side effects on biochemical and histopathological examination. Conclusion: NRDT50 is expected to be useful for people who are at risk of hyperglycemia or diabetes and thus need to regulate blood sugar with safe. It may also improve the gut microbiota profile by inducing the production of oligosaccharides in the alimentary tract.

Postprandial Normoglycemic Hypokalemia—an Overlooked Complication to Gastric Bypass Surgery?

Obesity is one of the major health problems of the world, and one of the most common surgical treatments is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. This can however lead to problems with postprandial hypoglycemia, but sometimes, the meal test does not render any signs of hypoglycemia. Here, 3 cases are presented with postprandial normoglycemic hypokalemia. Graphical abstract

The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene allele rs9939609 and glucose tolerance, hepatic and total insulin sensitivity, in adults with obesity

The objective of the study was to assess associations of the rs9939609 FTO allele to glucose tolerance, hepatic and total insulin sensitivity (IS) in individuals with obesity. From a low-dose hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp with glucose-tracer, hepatic IS was assessed by rates of basal and suppressed glucose appearance (Ra), a measure of endogenous glucose production (EGP), and the hepatic insulin resistance index (HIR). Total IS was assessed by rates of glucose infusion (GIR), disappearance (Rd), and metabolic clearance (MCR). From a meal test we assessed IS by the Matsuda index and glucose tolerance by glucose and insulin measurements in the fasted state and postprandially for 2.5 h. The meal test was performed in 97 healthy individuals with BMI ≥35 in similar-sized risk-allele groups (n = 32 T/T, 31 A/T, and 34 A/A), and 79 of them performed the clamp. We analyzed outcomes separately for males and females, and adjusted glucose Ra, Rd, MCR, GIR, and HIR for fat mass. We did not find genotype effects on EGP. Among males, genotype A/A was associated with a significantly lower glucose Rd, MCR, and Matsuda index score relative to genotype T/T. Glucose tolerance was significantly lower in males with genotype A/T vs. T/T and A/A. For females, there were no genotype effects on hepatic or total IS, or on glucose tolerance. Independently of genotypes, females displayed a significantly better hepatic and total IS, and better glucose tolerance than males. We conclude that in subjects with similar obesity we did not register any FTO risk-allele effect on hepatic IS. A FTO risk-allele effect on total IS was registered in males only, findings which need to be reproduced in further studies. Results confirm marked differences in IS between the biological sexes and extend present knowledge by demonstrating a lower endogenous glucose production in females vs. males in uniformly obese individuals.