scholarly journals Anemia and Iron, Vitamin B12, and Folate Deficiencies in Women of Reproductive Age in Ecuador: Results from the Ecuadorian National Health and Nutrition Survey (P10-027-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Finkelstein ◽  
Cristina Guitron Leal ◽  
Winnie Chu ◽  
Jesse Krisher ◽  
Jere Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Iron Deficient

Abstract Objectives To examine the burden of anemia and deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folate in women of reproductive age (WRA) in Ecuador. Methods Data from the 2012 Ecuadorian National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-ECU) were analyzed to examine the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies among 7658 women of reproductive age (12–49 y; n = 7383 non-pregnant, n = 275 pregnant). Venous blood samples were collected, and hemoglobin (Hb) was assessed viathe sodium lauryl sulfate method. Samples were centrifuged, processed, and stored < -50ºC until analysis. Serum ferritin (SF), vitamin B12, serum folate, and red blood cell (RBC) folate were measured viachemiluminescence. Hemoglobin was adjusted for altitude; and anemia was defined as Hb <11.0 g/dL in pregnant women and <12.0 g/dL in non-pregnant women. Iron deficiency and insufficiency were defined as SF <15.0 µg/L and <20.0 µg/L, respectively. Vitamin B12 deficiency and insufficiency were defined as <148.0 pmol/L and <221.0 pmol/L; and folate deficiency was defined as serum folate <7.0 nmol/L and RBC folate <342.0 nmol/L. Survey logistic and linear regression were used to examine associations of micronutrients with hemoglobin concentrations and anemia. Results In analyses among non-pregnant women, 11.3% were anemic, 14.4% were iron deficient, and 21.1% had iron insufficiency. A total of 4.3% of women had vitamin B12 deficiency, 23.9% had vitamin B12 insufficiency; and <1% of women were folate deficient. The prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies was higher in pregnant women, compared to non-pregnant women: 31.1% of pregnant women were iron deficient, 43.0% were iron insufficient, 21.3% were vitamin B12 deficient, and 55.4% were vitamin B12 insufficient. In non-pregnant WRA, higher SF (P < 0.0001), vitamin B12 (P < 0.01), and serum folate (P < 0.0001) concentrations were associated with higher Hb concentrations; and higher SF (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95, 0.97; P < 0.0001) and serum folate (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97, 0.98; P < 0.0001) concentrations were associated with lower odds of anemia. In pregnant women, SF (P < 0.01) and serum folate (P = 0.002) concentrations were associated with higher hemoglobin concentrations. Conclusions Findings suggest that the burden of anemia, iron deficiency, and vitamin B12 insufficiency is high among women of reproductive age in Ecuador. Funding Sources Not applicable.

scholarly journals Prevalence of iron, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiencies in 20 to 49 years old women: Ensanut 2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Shamah-Levy ◽  
Salvador Villalpando ◽  
Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez ◽  
Lucía Cuevas-Nasu ◽  
Elsa Berenice Gaona-Pineda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
B12 Deficiency

 Objective. To describe the prevalence of iron, folate, and B12 deficiencies in Mexican women of reproductive age from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut) 2012.Materials and methods. Data came from a  ationalprobabilistic survey, representative from rural and urban areas,and different age groups. Blood samples were obtained from 4 263, 20 to 49 years old women for serum ferritin, vitamin B12 and serum folate oncentrations. The prevalence of deficiencies, was assessed using adjusted logistic regression models. Results. The deficiency of folate was 1.9% (95%CI1.3-2.8), B12 deficiency was 8.5% (95%CI 6.7-10.1) and iron deficiency was 29.4% (95%CI 26.5-32.2). No differences were found when compared with 2006, 24.8% (95%CI 22.3-27.2).Conclusions. The vitamin B12 deficiency is still a problem for women of reproductive age and their offspring in Mexico,while folate deficiency disappeared as a problem. Iron deficiency needs prevention and fortification strategies. 

scholarly journals Anemia and Iron and Vitamin B12 Deficiencies in Children Under 5 in Mexico: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 835-835
Author(s):  
Cristina Güitrón Leal ◽  
Teresa Shamah-Levy ◽  
Juan Rivera Dommarco ◽  
Salvador Villalpando ◽  
Jere Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
B12 Deficiency ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Objectives To examine the burden of anemia, iron deficiency, and vitamin B12 deficiency in children under 5 in Mexico. Methods Data from the recently completed National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2018) were analyzed to examine the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies in children under 5 (1 to &lt;5 years). Hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations werequantified in capillary blood samples (n = 3144) via HemoCue.Venous blood samples (n = 1019) were collected, centrifuged, processed, and stored &lt;−80°C until analysis of micronutrient biomarkers. Serum ferritin (SF), C-reactive protein (CRP), and vitamin B12 concentrations were measured via immunoassays. Hemoglobin was adjusted for altitude; anemia was defined as hemoglobin &lt;11.0 g/dL. Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin &lt;12.0 µg/L and iron insufficiency was defined as serum ferritin &lt;20.0 µg/L; inflammation was defined as CRP concentrations &gt; 5.0 mg/L (and CRP &gt; 1.0 mg/L). Iron deficiency anemia was defined as hemoglobin &lt;11.0 g/dL and serum ferritin &lt;12.0 μg/L. Vitamin B12 deficiency and vitamin B12 insufficiency were defined as &lt;148.0 and &lt;221.0 pmol/L, respectively. Survey frequency procedures were used to examine the prevalence of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies; survey linear and logistic regression were used to examine associations of micronutrient biomarkers with hemoglobin concentrations and odds of anemia. Results A total of 22.9% of children were anemic in this population. In the biomarker sub-sample, 10.0% of children were iron deficient (SF &lt; 12.0 µg/L), and 29.9% had serum ferritin concentrations &lt;20.0 µg/L. A total of 9.5% of children had CRP concentrations &gt;5.0 mg/L, and 34.7% had CRP &gt; 1.0 mg/L. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (vitamin B12 &lt; 148.0 pmol/L) was 5.4% and 21.5% of children had vitamin B12 insufficiency (vitamin B12 &lt; 221.0 pmol/L). Conclusions Findings suggest that the burden of anemia and iron and vitamin B12 insufficiency is high in young children in Mexico. Funding Sources ENSANUT was funded by The Ministry of Health of Mexico.

scholarly journals Folate and Vitamin B12 Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Areas in Haryana, Northern India (P10-117-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reena Das ◽  
Mona Duggal ◽  
Manmeet Kaur ◽  
Hari Kishan Senee ◽  
Gursharan Singh Dhanjal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Folate Deficiency ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
B12 Deficiency

Abstract Objectives To conduct a household and biomarker survey to assess the baseline prevalence of folate deficiency and insufficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency in women of reproductive age prior to the start of a wheat flour fortification program in the Ambala District in Haryana, India. Methods A multistage cluster probability household and biomarker survey was conducted. Participants were women of reproductive age (18–49 y) who were not pregnant and resided in rural areas of two subdistricts in Ambala District in Haryana. Venous blood samples were collected among 866 women. Plasma, serum, and red blood cells (RBC) were separated by centrifugation, processed, and stored at <-80ºC until analysis. RBC and serum folate concentrations were measured using microbiologic assay and serum vitamin B12 was measured via chemiluminescence. Serum folate deficiency was defined as serum folate <7 nmol/L and RBC folate deficiency and insufficiency were defined as RBC folate <305 nmol/L and <748 nmol/L, respectively. Vitamin B12 deficiency was defined as vitamin B12 <200 pg/mL and vitamin B12 marginal deficiency was defined as vitamin B12 ≥200 and <300 pg/mL. Results The geometric mean concentrations for serum folate, RBC folate, and serum vitamin B12 were 12.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.8, 12.9) nmol/L, 544 (95% CI: 516, 573) nmol/L, and 190 (95% CI: 176, 206) pg/mL, respectively. The prevalence of folate deficiency was 11.3% (95% CI: 9.2, 13.9) for serum folate and 9.7% (95% CI: 7.8, 12.0) for RBC folate, and the prevalence of RBC folate insufficiency was 78.6% (95% CI: 74.8, 82.5). A total of 58.3% (95% CI: 54.2, 62.5) of women were vitamin B12 deficient (<200 pg/mL) and an additional 22.9% (95% CI: 19.7, 26.1) were marginally deficient for vitamin B12. Conclusions The magnitude of folate insufficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency in this Northern Indian population is a substantial public health concern. The findings from the survey help establish the baseline for a planned wheat flour fortification program aimed at reducing these micronutrient deficiencies. Funding Sources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

scholarly journals Vitamin B12 Status and Metabolic Health in Women of Reproductive Age in Southern India

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 646-646
Author(s):  
Heather Guetterman ◽  
Krista Crider ◽  
Amy Fothergill ◽  
Beena Bose ◽  
Christina Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Metabolic Outcomes ◽  
B12 Deficiency ◽  
Stage 1

Abstract Objectives To examine the burden of metabolic outcomes and associations of vitamin B12 status with metabolic health in women of reproductive age (WRA), as part of a population-based biomarker survey in Chittoor, India. Methods Participants (980 WRA; 15–40y nonpregnant or lactating) were assessed for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; nephelometry) and serum vitamin B12 concentrations (chemiluminescence). Anthropometric measurements and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were collected in triplicate. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to evaluate whole body (WF%) and trunk (TF%) fat among women ≤ 18y. We defined elevated HbA1c as ≤ 6.5% and ≤ 5.7-&lt; 6.5%, and hypertension as stage 1 (SBP 130–139 or DBP 80–89 mmHg) and stage 2 (SBP ≤ 140 or DBP ≤ 90 mmHg). Vitamin B12 was natural logarithmically transformed prior to analyses; vitamin B12 deficiency was defined as &lt; 148 pmol/L. Linear and binomial regression models were used to examine associations of vitamin B12 status with metabolic outcomes. Results A total of 23.3% of adult WRA were overweight (body mass index (BMI): 25.0 to &lt; 30.0 kg/m2) and 9.7% had obesity (≤30.0 kg/m2). Waist circumference (WC; ≤88.9 cm) and waist-hip ratio (WHR; ≤0.85) were elevated in 13.4% and 20.1% of adult WRA. One-fourth of WRA had elevated HbA1c (≤6.5%: 5.0%; ≤5.7-&lt; 6.5%: 20.0%), and 18.6% had hypertension (stage 1: 16.4%; stage 2: 2.2%); 48.3% of WRA were vitamin B12 deficient. Higher continuous vitamin B12 concentrations were associated with lower BMI (β [standard error (SE)] -0.65 [0.28]) and WF% (-1.01 [0.50]); lower risk of elevated WC (risk ratio (RR) [95% confidence interval] 0.64 [0.49–0.85]); and higher risk of HbA1c ≤ 5.7% (1.19 [1.00–1.41]). Vitamin B12 deficiency was associated with higher BMI (β [SE] 0.98 [0.34], p = 0.004), WC (1.96 [0.76]), WF% (1.75 [0.59]), and TF% (2.03 [0.73]); and higher risk of having overweight (RR: 1.31 [1.09–1.58]), elevated WC (1.85 [1.32–2.60]), and WHR (1.38 [1.07–1.78]). Conclusions The burden of adverse metabolic outcomes was substantial in this population, and vitamin B12 deficiency was associated with central adiposity and overweight. Evaluating the role of vitamin B12 in the development of metabolic outcomes in future studies could inform screening and interventions to improve vitamin B12 status and metabolic health in WRA. Funding Sources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

scholarly journals Micronutrient Deficiencies and Anemia in Children in Mexico: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 647-647
Author(s):  
Cristina Guitron Leal ◽  
Teresa Shamah-Levy ◽  
Juan RIvera-Dommarco ◽  
Salvador Villalpando ◽  
Vanessa De la Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
National Health ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Health And Nutrition

Abstract Objectives To examine the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies, and associations between micronutrient status and anemia in children (1–11 y) in Mexico. Methods Data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2018) were analyzed to determine the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, vitamin A) in a nationally-representative sample of 4,891 children 1 to 11 years of age (1 to &lt; 5 y: 1,337; 5–11 y: 3,554). Hemoglobin (Hb) was measured via HemoCue and venous blood samples were collected, processed, and stored at &lt; -80°C until analysis. Serum ferritin (SF), C-reactive protein (CRP) and vitamin B12 concentrations were measured via immunoassays. Serum retinol was measured via HPLC. Hemoglobin was adjusted for altitude; anemia (&lt; 5 y: Hb &lt; 11.0 g/dL; 5–11 y: &lt; 11.5 g/dL) and iron deficiency (ID; &lt; 5 y: &lt; 12.0 μg/L; 5–11 y: &lt; 15.0 μg/L) were defined using age-specific cut-offs. Iron insufficiency was defined as SF &lt; 20.0 μg/L, and inflammation as CRP &gt; 5.0 mg/L. Vitamin B12 deficiency and insufficiency were defined as &lt; 148 and &lt; 221 pmol/L, and vitamin A deficiency was defined as retinol &lt; 20 μg/dL. Survey linear and logistic regression were used to examine associations of micronutrient biomarkers with hemoglobin concentrations and odds of anemia. Results Serum ferritin concentrations (β [SE]: 0.0003, p &lt; 0.001) and serum retinol levels (0.0005, p &lt; 0.001) were associated with higher hemoglobin levels, while iron deficiency (–0.57 [0.03], p &lt; 0.001), iron insufficiency (–0.54 [0.02]; p &lt; 0.001), and vitamin A deficiency (–0.53 [0.01], p &lt; 0.0001) were associated with lower hemoglobin levels. In analyses of anemia, the odds of anemia were 11% lower per 10 μg/L increase in serum ferritin (OR [95% CI]: 0.89 [0.84–0.93], p &lt; 0.001) and 34% lower per 10 μg/dL increase in serum retinol (OR: 0.66 [0.57–0.77], p &lt; 0.001), while iron deficiency (OR: 2.22 [1.49–3.29], p &lt; 0.001) and iron insufficiency (OR: 1.74 [1.32–2.30]; p = 0.0001) were associated with higher odds of anemia. Conclusions Findings suggest that the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are high in children in Mexico, and lower iron and vitamin A status were associated with increased odds of anemia. Funding Sources ENSANUT was funded by The Ministry of Health of Mexico.

scholarly journals Nutritional Deficiency and Anemia in Latin America: A Collaborative Study

Blood ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. COOK ◽  
J. ALVARADO ◽  
A. GUTNISKY ◽  
M. JAMRA ◽  
J. LABARDINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Who Criteria ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
B12 Deficiency

Abstract A collaborative study of nutritional anemia in third trimester pregnancy was performed in seven Latin American countries. Laboratory measurements included hemoglobin level, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum iron and iron-binding capacity, serum folate, vitamin B12 and albumin. Iron deficiency (transferrin saturation below 15%) was found in 48% of pregnant women, as compared with 21% of nonpregnant females and 3% of male controls of comparable age. The prevalence of folate deficiency (serum folate below 3 ng/ml.) was 10%, 10% and 9% in these three groups, respectively. Vitamin B12 deficiency (serum level below 80 pg/ml.) was found in 15% of pregnant women, but in less than 1% of both control groups. Anemia, as defined by current WHO criteria, was found in 38.5% of pregnant women, 17.3% of nonpregnant women and 3.9% of men. Analysis of the frequency distribution for hemoglobin levels, based on a Gaussian distribution in normal subjects, suggested that a large portion of subjects considered anemic by WHO criteria were normal and that the true incidence of anemia in pregnant and nonpregnant females was 22 and 12% respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that iron deficiency was of major importance as a cause of anemia, while folate lack was contributory only in pregnancy; no relationship could be demonstrated between vitamin B12 deficiency and anemia.

scholarly journals The prevalence of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age in the United States of America

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (12A) ◽  
pp. 1532-1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph G Hollowell ◽  
James E Haddow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
National Health ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Health And Nutrition

AbstractObjective: To review the iodine status of women as assessed through National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1971 to 2002.Design and Setting: National normative estimates of iodine status of the civilian, non-institutionalized population in the United States of America.Subjects: Women of reproductive age and pregnant women.Results: In the United States of America, iodine began to be added to the diet in the 1920s. An excessive iodine intake was documented by the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) in the 1970s which reported a median urinary iodine (UI) concentration of 320 μg l-1. In the NHANES III survey, conducted between 1988 and 1994, the median UI concentration had decreased to 145 μg l-1, while 14.9% of women aged 15-44 years and 6.9% of pregnant women had a UI concentration 50 μg l-1. The concentrations of serum T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone of women with a low UI concentration did not, however, indicate an iodine deficiency.Conclusions: Further studies of the association between iodine excretion and biochemical and physiological changes should be undertaken to better understand women's needs for iodine and to develop criteria to monitor them in pregnancy. Because of the potential harm caused by iodine deficiency during pregnancy, we support the use of iodine supplements for all pregnancies while these data are being collected.

scholarly journals High burden of anemia among pregnant women in Tanzania: a call to address its determinants

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno F. Sunguya ◽  
Yue Ge ◽  
Linda Mlunde ◽  
Rose Mpembeni ◽  
Germana Leyna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Gis Mapping ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Anemia In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Background Anemia in pregnancy is behind a significant burden of maternal mortality and poor birth outcomes globally. Efforts to address it need evidence on trends and its pertinent factors as they vary from one area to another. Methods We pooled data of 23,203 women of reproductive age whose hemoglobin levels were measured from two Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHS). Of them, 2,194 women were pregnant. Analyses employed descriptive analyses to determine the burden of anemia, its characteristics, and severity; GIS mapping to determine the regional changes of anemia between 2005 and 2015; and logistic regression to determine the remaining determinants of anemia among pregnant women using Stata 15. Results The burden of anemia among pregnant women in Tanzania has remained unprecedently high, and varies between regions. There was no significant decline of anemia in general between the two periods after adjusting for individual, households, reproductive, and child characteristics [AOR = 0.964, 95% CI = 0.774–1.202, p = 0.747). Anemia is currently prevalent in 57% of pregnant women in Tanzania. The prevalence is more likely to be higher among women aged 15–19 years than those aged between 20–34 years. It is more likely to be prevalent among those within large families, with no formal education, food insecurity, lack of health insurance, had no antimalaria during pregnancy, and had low frequency of ANC attendance. On the other hand, delivery in a health facility may be potentially protective against anemia. Conclusions Anemia in pregnancy remained persistently high and prevalent among 57% of pregnant women in Tanzania. Efforts to address anemia are crucial and need to be focused in regions with increasing burden of anemia among pregnant women. It is imperative to address important risk factors such as food insecurity, strengthening universal health coverage, empowering women of reproductive age with education and especially nutritional knowledge and advocating for early antenatal booking, attendance, and facility delivery.

Venlafaxine prescription claims among insured women of reproductive age and pregnant women, 2011–2016

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
April D. Summers ◽  
Kayla N. Anderson ◽  
Elizabeth C. Ailes ◽  
Scott D. Grosse ◽  
William V. Bobo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age
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