scholarly journals Anemia and Iron and Vitamin B12 Deficiencies in Children Under 5 in Mexico: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 835-835
Author(s):  
Cristina Güitrón Leal ◽  
Teresa Shamah-Levy ◽  
Juan Rivera Dommarco ◽  
Salvador Villalpando ◽  
Jere Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
B12 Deficiency ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Objectives To examine the burden of anemia, iron deficiency, and vitamin B12 deficiency in children under 5 in Mexico. Methods Data from the recently completed National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2018) were analyzed to examine the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies in children under 5 (1 to <5 years). Hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations werequantified in capillary blood samples (n = 3144) via HemoCue.Venous blood samples (n = 1019) were collected, centrifuged, processed, and stored <−80°C until analysis of micronutrient biomarkers. Serum ferritin (SF), C-reactive protein (CRP), and vitamin B12 concentrations were measured via immunoassays. Hemoglobin was adjusted for altitude; anemia was defined as hemoglobin <11.0 g/dL. Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin <12.0 µg/L and iron insufficiency was defined as serum ferritin <20.0 µg/L; inflammation was defined as CRP concentrations > 5.0 mg/L (and CRP > 1.0 mg/L). Iron deficiency anemia was defined as hemoglobin <11.0 g/dL and serum ferritin <12.0 μg/L. Vitamin B12 deficiency and vitamin B12 insufficiency were defined as <148.0 and <221.0 pmol/L, respectively. Survey frequency procedures were used to examine the prevalence of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies; survey linear and logistic regression were used to examine associations of micronutrient biomarkers with hemoglobin concentrations and odds of anemia. Results A total of 22.9% of children were anemic in this population. In the biomarker sub-sample, 10.0% of children were iron deficient (SF < 12.0 µg/L), and 29.9% had serum ferritin concentrations <20.0 µg/L. A total of 9.5% of children had CRP concentrations >5.0 mg/L, and 34.7% had CRP > 1.0 mg/L. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (vitamin B12 < 148.0 pmol/L) was 5.4% and 21.5% of children had vitamin B12 insufficiency (vitamin B12 < 221.0 pmol/L). Conclusions Findings suggest that the burden of anemia and iron and vitamin B12 insufficiency is high in young children in Mexico. Funding Sources ENSANUT was funded by The Ministry of Health of Mexico.

scholarly journals Anemia and Micronutrient Deficiencies in Young Children in Urban Slums of Mumbai, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 828-828
Author(s):  
Amy Fothergill ◽  
Samantha Huey ◽  
Jere Haas ◽  
Shobha Udipi ◽  
Padmini Ghugre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
B12 Deficiency

Abstract Objectives To examine the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies among young children living in urban slums of Mumbai, India. Methods Participants were children 10–18 months of age (n = 278) residing in urban slums in Mumbai who were screened as part of a randomized feeding trial of biofortified pearl millet. Venous blood was collected by a pediatric phlebotomist and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were assessed via Coulter counter. Samples were processed and stored <−80°C until laboratory analyses. Serum ferritin (SF), vitamin B12, and erythrocyte (RBC) folate concentrations were analyzed via chemiluminescence. C-reactive protein (CRP) was analyzed by nephelometry, α-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) was analyzed by spectrophotometry, and serum retinol was evaluated via HP-LC. Serum ferritin and serum retinol levels were adjusted for inflammation using methods proposed by Thurman. Anemia and severe anemia were defined as Hb < 11.0 g/dL and Hb < 7.0 g/dL. Iron deficiency (ID) was defined as SF < 12.0 µg/L, iron insufficiency was defined as SF < 20.0 µg/L, and inflammation was defined as CRP > 5.0 mg/L. Iron deficiency anemia was defined as Hb < 11.0 g/dL and SF < 12.0 µg/L. Vitamin A deficiency was defined as serum retinol <20.0 µg/L. Vitamin B12 deficiency and vitamin B12 insufficiency were defined as <148.0 pmol/L and <221.0 pmol/L; folate deficiency was defined as RBC folate <340 nmol/L. Linear and binomial regression models were used to examine associations of micronutrient biomarkers with Hb levels and risk of anemia. Results A total of 75.5% of children were anemic and 2.9% had severe anemia. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 61.4% (69.5% after Thurman adjustment), 57.4% of children had IDA, and 9.7% had CRP > 5.0 mg/L. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was 17.0%, 41.8% of children had vitamin B12 insufficiency, and 19.9% had folate deficiency. Among anemic children, 84.5% had ≥1 micronutrient deficiency and 22.7% had ≥ 2 micronutrient deficiencies. Iron deficiency (RR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.55, 2.99; P < 0.001), and vitamin B12 deficiency (RR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.60; P < 0.01) were associated with significantly increased risk of anemia. Conclusions Findings indicate that the burden of anemia, iron deficiency, and vitamin B12 insufficiency were high in young children in Mumbai, India. Funding Sources Harvest Plus; AF was supported by the National Institutes of Health.

scholarly journals Micronutrient Deficiencies and Anemia in Children in Mexico: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 647-647
Author(s):  
Cristina Guitron Leal ◽  
Teresa Shamah-Levy ◽  
Juan RIvera-Dommarco ◽  
Salvador Villalpando ◽  
Vanessa De la Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
National Health ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Health And Nutrition

Abstract Objectives To examine the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies, and associations between micronutrient status and anemia in children (1–11 y) in Mexico. Methods Data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2018) were analyzed to determine the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, vitamin A) in a nationally-representative sample of 4,891 children 1 to 11 years of age (1 to < 5 y: 1,337; 5–11 y: 3,554). Hemoglobin (Hb) was measured via HemoCue and venous blood samples were collected, processed, and stored at < -80°C until analysis. Serum ferritin (SF), C-reactive protein (CRP) and vitamin B12 concentrations were measured via immunoassays. Serum retinol was measured via HPLC. Hemoglobin was adjusted for altitude; anemia (< 5 y: Hb < 11.0 g/dL; 5–11 y: < 11.5 g/dL) and iron deficiency (ID; < 5 y: < 12.0 μg/L; 5–11 y: < 15.0 μg/L) were defined using age-specific cut-offs. Iron insufficiency was defined as SF < 20.0 μg/L, and inflammation as CRP > 5.0 mg/L. Vitamin B12 deficiency and insufficiency were defined as < 148 and < 221 pmol/L, and vitamin A deficiency was defined as retinol < 20 μg/dL. Survey linear and logistic regression were used to examine associations of micronutrient biomarkers with hemoglobin concentrations and odds of anemia. Results Serum ferritin concentrations (β [SE]: 0.0003, p < 0.001) and serum retinol levels (0.0005, p < 0.001) were associated with higher hemoglobin levels, while iron deficiency (–0.57 [0.03], p < 0.001), iron insufficiency (–0.54 [0.02]; p < 0.001), and vitamin A deficiency (–0.53 [0.01], p < 0.0001) were associated with lower hemoglobin levels. In analyses of anemia, the odds of anemia were 11% lower per 10 μg/L increase in serum ferritin (OR [95% CI]: 0.89 [0.84–0.93], p < 0.001) and 34% lower per 10 μg/dL increase in serum retinol (OR: 0.66 [0.57–0.77], p < 0.001), while iron deficiency (OR: 2.22 [1.49–3.29], p < 0.001) and iron insufficiency (OR: 1.74 [1.32–2.30]; p = 0.0001) were associated with higher odds of anemia. Conclusions Findings suggest that the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are high in children in Mexico, and lower iron and vitamin A status were associated with increased odds of anemia. Funding Sources ENSANUT was funded by The Ministry of Health of Mexico.

scholarly journals Micronutrient Status and Child Growth in Mexico: Results From the 2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 674-674
Author(s):  
Ximena Palma Molina ◽  
Julia Finkelstein ◽  
Saurabh Mehta ◽  
Teresa Shamah-Levy ◽  
Juan RIvera-Dommarco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
National Health ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Micronutrient Status ◽  
Z Scores

Abstract Objectives To examine the associations between micronutrient status and child growth, as part of the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Mexico. Methods Data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2018) were analyzed to examine the association between micronutrient status and child growth in 1,656 children 36 to 59 months of age. Micronutrient biomarkers (serum ferritin (SF), vitamin B12, vitamin D, serum zinc) were measured in venous blood samples via immunoassays. Child weight and height were measured using standardized procedures, and indicators weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ), and body mass index (BMI) Z-scores were calculated using the WHO Anthro V3.1 and categorized as per WHO Child Growth Standards. Micronutrient biomarkers were natural logarithmically transformed prior to analyses. Iron deficiency was defined as SF < 12.0 μg/L and iron insufficiency was defined as SF < 20.0 μg/L. Vitamin B12 deficiency and insufficiency were defined as < 148 and < 221 pmol/L, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as < 50 nmol/L, and zinc deficiency was defined as < 65μg/dL. Survey linear regression models were used to examine associations of micronutrient status with WHO Z-scores. Results Serum ferritin concentrations (β [SE]: 0.096 [0.001], p < 0.0001) and vitamin B12 (0.092 [0.003], p < 0.0001) concentrations were associated with higher WHZ. Vitamin B12 (0.171 [0.004], p < 0.0001), vitamin D (0.358 [0.007], p < 0.0001), and zinc (0.122 [0.006], p < 0.0001) concentrations were associated with higher HAZ. Iron deficiency (β [SE]: -0.469 [0.004], p < 0.0001) and zinc deficiency (-0.203 [0.01], p < 0.0001) were associated with lower WHZ, and vitamin B12 (-0.449 [0.002], p < 0.0001), vitamin D (-0.215 [0.001], p < 0.0001) and zinc (-0.216 [0.01], p < 0.0001) deficiencies were associated with lower HAZ. Conclusions Micronutrient deficiencies of vitamin B12, vitamin D, and zinc were associated with lower linear growth in young children in Mexico. Funding Sources ENSANUT was funded by The Ministry of Health of Mexico.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Iron, Vitamin B12 deficiency and inflammatory anaemia in treatment naive individual consecutive cancer patients: A cross sectional study.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avinash Pandey ◽  
Shivkant Singh ◽  
Raj Aryan ◽  
Krishna Murari
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iron Deficient ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
B12 Deficiency

Background: In treatment naive Indian cancer patients, prevalence of iron, B12 deficiency and inflammatory anaemia in poorly known. Aims and Objectives : To evaluate prevalence of anaemia and iron, B12 deficiency along with inflammation in treatment naive individual consecutive cancer patients. Material and Methods: All patients registered from 1st July 2019 till 31st December 2019 in Medical Oncology Outpatient Department were offered to undergo Iron profile, Serum B12 levels and Serum ferritin along with routine haematological investigations. Anaemia was defined as Haemoglobin < 11gm/dL. Transferrin saturation <20%, Serum Ferritin >300 microgram/litre and Vitamin B12 level <200 picogram/millilitre were 'cut-offs' used to define iron deficiency, inflammation and Vitamin B12 deficiency respectively. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, frequency distribution, crosstabs and Bar Diagram in SPSS version 17.0. Pearsons Chi square test and Odds ratio was used to measure the strength of association with variables. Results: 311/441 (70.5%) were found eligible. Median age was 52 + 15.9 (Range 18-84 ) years with 144/331(46%) females. The prevalence of anaemia was 61% + 2.7 (95% CI 55-66%). Mean Haemoglobin was 9.86 + 2.08 (range 3-16) gram/decilitre. 21/311(7%) had severe anaemia (Haemoglobin < 6.9 gm/dl). 135/311 (71%), 61/189 (32%) and 89/189 (47%) anaemic patients had iron deficiency, inflammation and B12 deficiency respectively. More than 70% of Gastrointestinal (50/69), Gynaecological(17/24) and Lung Cancer(18/22) patients had underling Iron deficiency. Conclusion: Two-third of cancer patients are iron deficient. B12 deficiency and inflammation are present in half and one-third patients respectively.

scholarly journals Prevalence of iron, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiencies in 20 to 49 years old women: Ensanut 2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Shamah-Levy ◽  
Salvador Villalpando ◽  
Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez ◽  
Lucía Cuevas-Nasu ◽  
Elsa Berenice Gaona-Pineda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
B12 Deficiency

 Objective. To describe the prevalence of iron, folate, and B12 deficiencies in Mexican women of reproductive age from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut) 2012.Materials and methods. Data came from a  ationalprobabilistic survey, representative from rural and urban areas,and different age groups. Blood samples were obtained from 4 263, 20 to 49 years old women for serum ferritin, vitamin B12 and serum folate oncentrations. The prevalence of deficiencies, was assessed using adjusted logistic regression models. Results. The deficiency of folate was 1.9% (95%CI1.3-2.8), B12 deficiency was 8.5% (95%CI 6.7-10.1) and iron deficiency was 29.4% (95%CI 26.5-32.2). No differences were found when compared with 2006, 24.8% (95%CI 22.3-27.2).Conclusions. The vitamin B12 deficiency is still a problem for women of reproductive age and their offspring in Mexico,while folate deficiency disappeared as a problem. Iron deficiency needs prevention and fortification strategies. 

scholarly journals Anemia and Iron, Vitamin B12, and Folate Deficiencies in Women of Reproductive Age in Ecuador: Results from the Ecuadorian National Health and Nutrition Survey (P10-027-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Finkelstein ◽  
Cristina Guitron Leal ◽  
Winnie Chu ◽  
Jesse Krisher ◽  
Jere Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Iron Deficient

Abstract Objectives To examine the burden of anemia and deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folate in women of reproductive age (WRA) in Ecuador. Methods Data from the 2012 Ecuadorian National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-ECU) were analyzed to examine the burden of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies among 7658 women of reproductive age (12–49 y; n = 7383 non-pregnant, n = 275 pregnant). Venous blood samples were collected, and hemoglobin (Hb) was assessed viathe sodium lauryl sulfate method. Samples were centrifuged, processed, and stored < -50ºC until analysis. Serum ferritin (SF), vitamin B12, serum folate, and red blood cell (RBC) folate were measured viachemiluminescence. Hemoglobin was adjusted for altitude; and anemia was defined as Hb <11.0 g/dL in pregnant women and <12.0 g/dL in non-pregnant women. Iron deficiency and insufficiency were defined as SF <15.0 µg/L and <20.0 µg/L, respectively. Vitamin B12 deficiency and insufficiency were defined as <148.0 pmol/L and <221.0 pmol/L; and folate deficiency was defined as serum folate <7.0 nmol/L and RBC folate <342.0 nmol/L. Survey logistic and linear regression were used to examine associations of micronutrients with hemoglobin concentrations and anemia. Results In analyses among non-pregnant women, 11.3% were anemic, 14.4% were iron deficient, and 21.1% had iron insufficiency. A total of 4.3% of women had vitamin B12 deficiency, 23.9% had vitamin B12 insufficiency; and <1% of women were folate deficient. The prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies was higher in pregnant women, compared to non-pregnant women: 31.1% of pregnant women were iron deficient, 43.0% were iron insufficient, 21.3% were vitamin B12 deficient, and 55.4% were vitamin B12 insufficient. In non-pregnant WRA, higher SF (P < 0.0001), vitamin B12 (P < 0.01), and serum folate (P < 0.0001) concentrations were associated with higher Hb concentrations; and higher SF (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95, 0.97; P < 0.0001) and serum folate (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97, 0.98; P < 0.0001) concentrations were associated with lower odds of anemia. In pregnant women, SF (P < 0.01) and serum folate (P = 0.002) concentrations were associated with higher hemoglobin concentrations. Conclusions Findings suggest that the burden of anemia, iron deficiency, and vitamin B12 insufficiency is high among women of reproductive age in Ecuador. Funding Sources Not applicable.

scholarly journals Iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia in obese patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Arshad ◽  
Sara Jaberian ◽  
Abdolreza Pazouki ◽  
Sajedeh Riazi ◽  
Maryam Aghababa Rangraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Megaloblastic Anemia ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
B12 Deficiency

Abstract Background. The association between obesity and different types of anemia remained uncertain. The present study aimed to assess the relation between obesity parameters and the occurrence of iron deficiency anemia and also megaloblastic anemia among Iranian population. Methods and Materials. This cross-sectional study was performed on 1252 patients with morbid obesity that randomly selected from all patients referred to Clinic of obesity at Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital in 2014. The morbid obesity was defined according to the guideline as body mass index (BMI) equal to or higher than 40 kg/m2. Various laboratory parameters including serum levels of hemoglobin, iron, ferritin, folic acid, and vitamin B12 were assessed using the standard laboratory techniques. Results. BMI was adversely associated with serum vitamin B12, but not associated with other hematologic parameters. The overall prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 9.8%. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was independent to patients’ age and also to body mass index. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was totally 20.9%. According to the multivariable logistic regression model, no association was revealed between BMI and the occurrence of iron deficiency anemia adjusting gender and age. A similar regression model showed that higher BMI could predict occurrence of vitamin B12 deficiency in morbid obese patients. Conclusion. Although iron deficiency is a common finding among obese patients, vitamin B12 deficiency is more frequent so about one-fifth of these patients suffer vitamin B12 deficiency. In fact, the exacerbation of obesity can result in exacerbation of vitamin B12 deficiency.

scholarly journals Reticulocyte size in nutritional anemias

Blood ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Clarkson ◽  
EM Moore
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Abrupt Decrease ◽  
Iron Saturation ◽  
Iron Deficient ◽  
B12 Deficiency

Abstract Alterations in reticulocyte size occur 2–3 days after the onset of iron deficient or megaloblastic erythropoiesis and precede, by several weeks, changes in mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Iron-deficiency anemia induced in a normal subject by repeated phlebotomies was characterized by the initial development of larger than normal reticulocytes followed by an abrupt decrease in reticulocyte size. Microreticulocytes appeared 3 days after the fall in per cent iron saturation and antedated the decrease in MCV to below normal by 6 wk. Mean reticulocyte size was disproportionately smaller than normal in patients presenting with iron deficiency. In contrast, reticulocyte size increased abruptly in a patient (and rats) 2–3 days after administration of methotrexate. Mean reticulocyte size was disproportionately larger than normal in patients presenting with folate or vitamin B12 deficiency. Specific replacement therapy with iron, folate, or vitamin B12 was quickly followed by normalization of reticulocyte size.

scholarly journals Multifactorial Etiology of Anemia in Celiac Disease and Effect of Gluten-Free Diet: A Comprehensive Review

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín-Masot ◽  
Nestares ◽  
Diaz-Castro ◽  
López-Aliaga ◽  
Alférez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Intestinal Biopsy ◽  
B12 Deficiency ◽  
Endomysial Antibodies ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Celiac disease (CD) is a multisystemic disorder with different clinical expressions, from malabsorption with diarrhea, anemia, and nutritional compromise to extraintestinal manifestations. Anemia might be the only clinical expression of the disease, and iron deficiency anemia is considered one of the most frequent extraintestinal clinical manifestations of CD. Therefore, CD should be suspected in the presence of anemia without a known etiology. Assessment of tissue anti-transglutaminase and anti-endomysial antibodies are indicated in these cases and, if positive, digestive endoscopy and intestinal biopsy should be performed. Anemia in CD has a multifactorial pathogenesis and, although it is frequently a consequence of iron deficiency, it can be caused by deficiencies of folate or vitamin B12, or by blood loss or by its association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or other associated diseases. The association between CD and IBD should be considered during anemia treatment in patients with IBD, because the similarity of symptoms could delay the diagnosis. Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in CD and may be responsible for anemia and peripheral myeloneuropathy. Folate deficiency is a well-known cause of anemia in adults, but there is little information in children with CD; it is still unknown if anemia is a symptom of the most typical CD in adult patients either by predisposition due to the fact of age or because biochemical and clinical manifestations take longer to appear.

scholarly journals Parkinson’s Disease and Homocysteine: A Community-Based Study in a Folate and Vitamin B12 Deficient Population

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Wei ◽  
Wang Tiandong ◽  
Li Yang ◽  
Meng Huaxing ◽  
Min Guowen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
B12 Deficiency ◽  
Folate And Vitamin B12 ◽  
The Relationship

Background. Homocysteine (Hcy) levels were higher in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This could be partially explained by levodopa treatment. Whether untreated PD patients have higher Hcy levels is contradictory.Methods.A community-based study was conducted using a two-stage approach for subjects ≥ 55 years to find PD patients in 3 towns of Lüliang City. Blood samples were collected. Serum Hcy, folate, and vitamin B12 concentrations were measured. For each untreated PD patient, 5 controls were selected matched with age and sex to evaluate the relationship between Hcy levels and PD.Results. Of 6338 eligible residents, 72.7% participated in the study. 31 PD cases were identified. The crude prevalence of PD for people ≥ 55 years was 0.67%. Blood samples were collected from 1845 subjects, including 17 untreated PD patients. There was no difference for concentrations of serum Hcy, folate, and vitamin B12 between cases and controls (P>0.05). In univariate and multivariate analysis, there was significant inverse relation between PD and current smoking (P<0.05). No other factor was significant statistically.Conclusions. The prevalence of PD was comparable to earlier studies in China. Hyperhomocysteinemia was not a risk factor of PD, as well as folate and vitamin B12 deficiency.

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