Why Do the Affluent Find Inequality Increasingly Unjust? Changing Inequality and Justice Perceptions in Germany, 1994–2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Sachweh ◽  
Evelyn Sthamer
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Justice ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Perceived Injustice ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Justice Perceptions ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIn the wake of rising inequality in Germany during the last 20 years, we document a corresponding increase in perceptions of injustice among the population. Based on data from the cumulated German General Social Survey (ALLBUS), we show that this increase in perceived injustice is driven mainly by a rising share of affluent respondents who find society unjust, resulting in a convergence across income groups towards more critical attitudes. We try to explain this puzzling development based on outcome-related justice assessments and perceptions of procedural justice. We find that outcome-related justice assessments cannot explain the trend over time, but affect the overall level of injustice perceptions. The influence of perceptions of procedural justice, however, is more pronounced among affluent respondents and partly explains the increase in injustice perceptions within this group. These results are robust for different operationalizations as well as model specifications and are not due to compositional effects. Since we cannot account entirely for the rise in injustice perceptions among the affluent, explanatory factors not covered by our data are likely to exist. We conclude with a discussion of potential explanations that future research should address.

scholarly journals Gendered Religiosity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Landon Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Gender Expression ◽  
The Feminine

This study uses measures of cognitive and expressive aspects of gender as a social identity from the General Social Survey to examine whether and how they relate to religiosity. I find that religiosity is clearly gendered, but in different ways for women and men. Consistent with the feminine-typing of religion in the Christian-majority context of the United States, gender expression is linked with more religiousness among women but not men. Consistent with religion being a sometimes patriarchal institution, those with more pride in being men are more religious. I conclude that religiosity is gendered, that degendering and secularization processes could go hand-in-hand, and that future research on gender differences in religiosity should further examine variation among women and among men.

Panel Effects: Do the Reports of Panel Respondents Get Better or Worse over Time?

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-588
Author(s):  
Hanyu Sun ◽  
Roger Tourangeau ◽  
Stanley Presser
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
Panel Effects ◽  
Over Time

Abstract It is well established that taking part in earlier rounds of a panel survey can affect how respondents answer questions in later rounds. It is less clear, however, whether panel participation affects the quality of the data that respondents provide. We examined two panels to investigate how participation affects several indicators of data quality—including straightlining, item missing data, scale reliabilities, and differences in item functioning over time—and to test the hypotheses that it is less educated and older respondents who mainly account for any panel effects. The two panels were the GfK Knowledge Panel, in which some respondents completed up to four rounds measuring their attitudes toward terrorism and ways to counter terrorism, and the General Social Survey (GSS), in which respondents completed up to three rounds with an omnibus set of questions. The two panels differ sharply in terms of response rates and the level of prior survey experience of the respondents. Most of our comparisons are within-respondent, comparing the answers panel members gave in earlier rounds with those they gave in later rounds, but we also confirm the main results using between-subject comparisons. We find little evidence that respondents gave either better or worse data over time in either panel and little support for either the education or age hypotheses.

Social Capital’s Influence on Environmental Concern in China: An Analysis of the 2010 Chinese General Social Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 844-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Hao ◽  
Jay L. Michaels ◽  
Shannon Elizabeth Bell
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Chinese General Social Survey

This study examines the ways in which social capital influences people’s environmental concern in China. Using data obtained from the 2010 Chinese General Social Survey, we measure social capital through social networks and trust. We find that the ways people think about and act toward others influence the ways they think about and act toward the environment. The structural equation modeling results suggest that one’s connections with others, including socializing with relatives and friends as well as general social networking, are significantly and positively related to various dimensions of environmental concern. Greater trust is positively related to one’s willingness to make sacrifices for the benefit of the environment but is also negatively related to perceived dangerousness of pollution. Our findings highlight the value of social capital in promoting environmental concern. We discuss these findings in the context of existing literature, and propose policy implications and suggest directions for future research.

Caregiving Choice and Caregiver-Receiver Relation: Effects on Psychological Well-being of Family Caregivers in Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lun Li ◽  
Yeonjung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Being There ◽  
Perceived Choice

ABSTRACTThe psychological well-being of family caregivers is influenced by their relations with care receivers, and whether they have choice in becoming a caregiver. Limited study has explored the interaction effect of caregiver-receiver relations and caregiving choice on caregivers’ psychological well-being. This study examines whether the caregiver’s perceived choice moderates the association between caregiver-receiver relation and psychological well-being. Using population-based data from the 2012 Canada General Social Survey – Caregiving and Care Receiving (n = 5,285), this study applies regression and ANCOVA analyses. Results show family caregivers for spouses and children report significantly worse psychological well-being, whereas having choice to become a caregiver is associated with better psychological well-being. There was a significant moderation effect of caregiving choice on the association between caregiver-receiver relation and psychological well-being. Findings suggest that more services should be targeted for family caregivers without choice for caregiving as well as those who provide care for their children.

Migration Patterns and Marriage Equality

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol S. Walther ◽  
Dennis F. Corbin
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Marriage Equality ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Attitudes Toward Marriage

Attitudes toward marriage equality have gradually become more accepting as more and more states have passed legislation that acknowledged full or partial recognition of marriage equality. Given the traditionally conservative behavior of the South, this article analyzes how regional migration patterns and time affect attitudes toward marriage equality from the 1988 and the 2004 to 2014 General Social Survey data sets using a generalized linear mixed model. We find that migrant southerners, migrant northerners, and native northerners are more likely to support marriage equality than native southerners are. Furthermore, time seems to also play a significant role in understanding trends in attitudes toward marriage equality. We conclude by suggesting future research.

Game on! Exploring reactions to game-based selection assessments

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-254
Author(s):  
Leah Joyce Ellison ◽  
Tara McClure Johnson ◽  
David Tomczak ◽  
Alina Siemsen ◽  
Manuel Francisco Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fairness Perceptions ◽  
Justice Perceptions

PurposeThe use of game-based assessments (GBAs) is growing in selection contexts, yet test-takers have varying reactions to such assessments, which have important implications for applicant behavior. This paper reviews the literature on applicant reactions and explores classic assessment models in the context of GBAs, identifying best practice recommendations and pitfalls for enhancing the candidate experience.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 374 participants from MTurk completed cognitive GBAs and questionnaires regarding test-taker reactions (job-relatedness, perceived opportunity to perform, provision of selection information, face validity, task engagement, task motivation and willingness to refer others to the company), technology self-efficacy, and game/technology experience.FindingsFairness mediated the relationship between procedural justice rules and willingness to recommend the company to others. Technology self-efficacy was significantly related to fairness perceptions and procedural justice perceptions. Males had significantly higher procedural justice perceptions of GBAs than females.Research limitations/implicationsThe study underscores the importance of considering fairness perceptions and individual differences in reactions to GBAs. Future research should study participants within high-stakes hiring situations and examine other individual difference factors such as ethnicity.Practical implicationsGBAs are a viable assessment method for personnel selection, yet organizations must recognize that individuals are more likely to respond positively to GBAs if they perceive such assessments as fair and job-related, and perceive themselves as capable of performing well on the assessment.Originality/valueThis study tests a classic model of procedural fairness in a novel and timely assessment context.

Trends in Marital Happiness by Gender and Race, 1973 to 2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1379-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamadi Corra ◽  
Shannon K. Carter ◽  
J. Scott Carter ◽  
David Knox
Keyword(s):  
General Social Survey ◽  
The Other ◽  
Marital Happiness ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

This article uses data from the 1973-2006 General Social Survey to assess the interactive impact of race and gender on marital happiness over time. Findings indicate independent and significant effects for both variables, with Whites and husbands reporting greater marital happiness than Blacks and wives. Comparing four subgroups (White husbands, White wives, Black husbands, and Black wives), the authors find that White husbands report the highest levels of marital happiness whereas Black wives report the lowest. Assessment of trends from the 1970s to the 2000s reveals a convergence among the groups: Although White husbands consistently report the highest levels of marital happiness, there has been a steady decline in the gap between all four groups. Most notably, Black wives exhibit a significant increase in marital happiness relative to the other groups. Findings are discussed in the context of the changing structure and composition of families in contemporary U.S. society.

Causal Inference in Panel Data With Application to Estimating Race-of-Interviewer Effects in the General Social Survey

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua An ◽  
Christopher Winship
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Causal Inference ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Significant Evidence ◽  
Interviewer Effects ◽  
Matching Methods

In this article, we review popular parametric models for analyzing panel data and introduce the latest advances in matching methods for panel data analysis. To the extent that the parametric models and the matching methods offer distinct advantages for drawing causal inference, we suggest using both to cross-validate the evidence. We demonstrate how to use these methods by examining race-of-interviewer effects (ROIE) in the 2006 to 2010 panel data of the General Social Survey. We find that ROIE mostly concentrate on race-related outcomes and may vary by respondent’s race for some outcomes. But we find no statistically significant evidence that ROIE vary by the interview mode (i.e., in person vs. by phone). Our study has both methodological and substantive implications for future research.

Later-Life Career Disruption and Self-Rated Health: An Analysis of General Social Survey Data

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.H. He ◽  
A. Colantonio ◽  
V.W. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Older Workers ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Loss Experience ◽  
Life Career

ABSTRACTThe transition from employment to retirement is changing dramatically in Canada and other industrialized societies, with a decreasing proportion of working life being spent in stable career progression. This study used a sample of 2,592 subjects, aged 45 to 64, from the 1994 General Social Survey of Canada (GSS): Cycle 9, to describe situations of later-life career disruption (LLCD) in older workers in Canada and to investigate the association between LLCD and self-rated health. Results showed that a large proportion of older Canadian workers had experienced such LLCD as job interruption and job loss. Experience of job loss and job interruption over the prior 5-year period was found to be significantly associated with poor self-rated health, after controlling for age, education, body mass index, and activity limitation. However, after excluding respondents whose LLCD was known to be due to poor health, job interruption and job loss were separately found not to be significantly associated with poor health. The complexity of the findings and the direction of causation between LLCD and self-rated health, as well as some methodology issues, are discussed. Areas of future research are indicated.

scholarly journals Racial and Gender Differences in Extramarital Sex in the United States in the Last Three Decades

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 06-18
Author(s):  
Yanyi K. Djamba ◽  
Sitawa R. Kimuna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Extramarital Sex ◽  
Marital Infidelity ◽  
And Gender

Marital infidelity is a serious problem because it can lead to separation and even divorce. Yet, little is known about racial and gender differences in levels of extramarital sex in the United States in the last three decades (1991 to 2018). This study represents the first analysis of the racial and gender differences in levels and determinants of extramarital sex in the United States. We use data from all the 15 waves of the General Social Survey in which respondents were asked if they have ever had sex with someone other than their husband or wife when they were married. Descriptive and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses were conducted to determine the levels and determinants of racial and gender differences in extramarital sex in the last three decades. There are small changes in percent of extramarital sex between 1991 (14.63 percent) and 2018 (16.48 percent). However, despite some fluctuations observed across the 15 General Social Survey waves, the prevalence of extramarital sex has remained significantly higher for blacks compared to whites, and higher also for men than women. The results show the importance of race and gender in explaining extramarital sexual behavior in the United States. We discuss these findings in relation to previous studies and suggest directions for future research.

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