scholarly journals Charting mandatory vaccination policies worldwide

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Vanderslott ◽  
T Marks
Keyword(s):  
International Health ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Comprehensive List ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination

Abstract Background Mandatory vaccination is becoming an increasingly important policy intervention for governments trying to address low vaccination rates. However, the evidence about which countries have mandatory vaccination policy worldwide and discussions surrounding their impact has largely been limited to high-income countries. While many recent publications discuss the issue, none provide a comprehensive list. This is an obvious gap in the discussion about the merits of introducing mandatory vaccination into countries. Methods We draw on extensive desk-based research analysing a mixture of sources, including national, regional, and international vaccination policy reports, international health institution websites, ministry of health websites, and media reports. We supplemented this material by contacting a variety of health authorities, such as PAHO and the WHO as well as country's ministries of health. Results We have compiled the first comprehensive list of vaccination policies worldwide, covering 149 countries. This list indicates whether a country has a mandatory vaccination policy and the strictness of the mandate on a scale ranging across four levels. We provide an overview of the state of mandatory vaccination across different countries, set out the general trends and issues, and engage into a discussion about why, how, and where mandatory vaccination is put in place. We also provide several case studies, which highlight the limitations of vaccine mandates because other factors such as exemptions, penalties or enforcement play an important role in their actual effect on immunisation rates. Conclusions Our key finding is that the majority of low- and middle- income countries have mandatory vaccination policies but low vaccination rates because of problems with vaccine supply, delivery, and access.

Lack of regulation over antibiotic prescription and dispensation: A prospective cohort in a community setting

2021 ◽  
pp. 175717742110333
Author(s):  
Jacques Choucair ◽  
Elie Haddad ◽  
Gebrael Saliba ◽  
Nabil Chehata ◽  
Jennifer Makhoul
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Prescription ◽  
Community Setting ◽  
Care Physician ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Infectious Diseases Consultation ◽  
Antibiotic Courses

Background: The emergence of bacterial resistance caused health authorities to attempt to implement strict regulations for rational antibiotic prescription. However, supervision is often neglected in low- and middle-income countries, leading to inappropriate administration of antibiotics. The objective of our study is to highlight the lack of monitoring in the community setting of a middle-income country. Material and methods: We asked 68 patients presenting to an infectious diseases consultation office to report the antibiotic courses they had taken in the three months preceding their visit. We assessed for treatment indication, molecule choice, dosing and duration, as well as microbial cultures, demographics and specialty of the prescriber. Results: Among the 68 patients included in our study, we counted a total of 95 outpatient antibiotic courses, mostly composed of quinolones (36%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanate (21%). The prescriber was most commonly a primary care physician, but we reported several cases of auto-medication and dispensation of antibiotics by pharmacists. Only 30% of cases had true indications for antibiotics. Conclusion: In sum, our results indicate an evident lack of regulation over the administration of antibiotics. This easy accessibility needs to be promptly addressed as we run the risk of inevitable bacterial resistance.

scholarly journals Individual preferences for voluntary vs. mandatory vaccination policies: an experimental analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas W Meier ◽  
Robert Böhm ◽  
Lars Korn ◽  
Cornelia Betsch
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Vaccination Decision ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination ◽  
Mandatory Policy ◽  
Voluntary Vaccination

Abstract Background More and more countries are discussing the introduction of mandatory vaccination policies. Yet, little is known about individuals’ actual preferences for voluntary vs. mandatory vaccination policies, and the psychological processes underlying such preferences. Objective of the present research was to investigate the development of individual preferences for voluntary and mandatory vaccination policies. Methods We conducted a controlled laboratory study (N = 168) using a repeated interactive vaccination game with decision-contingent monetary incentives. In each round, participants decided in favour of either a voluntary or a mandatory vaccination policy, followed by the vaccination decision (voluntary policy) or vaccination (mandatory policy) which both resulted in actual (financial) consequences. Results We observe large heterogeneity in participants’ preferences for the voluntary vs. mandatory policy. Under voluntary vaccination, the preference for the mandatory policy increased with decreasing vaccination rates (and increasing risk of infection). In contrast, experiencing vaccine-adverse events under mandatory vaccination increased the preference for the voluntary policy. The latter effect was larger for individuals with a negative (vs. positive) attitude toward vaccination. Overall, as individuals gathered experiences under both the voluntary and the mandatory policy, the preference for voluntary vaccination policy increased over time. Conclusions Individuals are more willing to accept mandatory vaccination policies when vaccination rates are low. In the long run, the occurrence of vaccine-adverse events may spark opposition to mandatory vaccination.

scholarly journals The inherited diseases of hemoglobin are an emerging global health burden

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 115 (22) ◽  
pp. 4331-4336 ◽  
Author(s):  
David. J. Weatherall
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
International Health ◽  
Epidemiologic Transition ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Complex Population ◽  
International Health Organizations

Abstract It is estimated that in excess of 300 000 children are born each year with a severe inherited disorder of hemoglobin and that approximately 80% of these births occur in low- or middle-income countries. As these countries go through an epidemiologic transition, with a reduction in childhood and infant mortality due to improved public health measures, babies who would have previously died of these diseases before they were recognized are now surviving to present for diagnosis and treatment. Hence, they are presenting an increasing global health burden. Because of their uneven distribution in high-frequency populations, reflecting their complex population genetics, the true magnitude of this burden is still unknown. In many poor countries there are virtually no facilities for the diagnosis and management of these conditions, and even in richer countries there are limited data about their frequency, clinical course, or mortality. Without this information, it will be impossible to persuade governments about the increasing importance of these diseases. The situation will only be improved by concerted action on the part of the hematology community of the richer countries together with input from the major international health organizations and funding agencies.

Voluntary to Mandatory: Evolution of Strategies and Attitudes toward Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Personnel

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Quan ◽  
David M. Tehrani ◽  
Linda Dickey ◽  
Eugene Spiritus ◽  
Denise Hizon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Hospital Policies ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

Background.Assessing the relative success of serial strategies for increasing healthcare personnel (HCP) influenza vaccination rates is important to guide hospital policies to increase vaccine uptake.Objective.To evaluate serial campaigns that include a mandatory HCP vaccination policy and to describe HCP attitudes toward vaccination and reasons for declination.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Methods.We assessed the impact of serial vaccination campaigns on the proportions of HCP who received influenza vaccination during die 2006–2011 influenza seasons. In addition, declination data over these 5 seasons and a 2007 survey of HCP attitudes toward vaccination were collected.Results.HCP influenza vaccination rates increased from 44.0% (2,863 of 6,510 HCP) to 62.9% (4,037 of 6,414 HCP) after institution of mobile carts, mandatory declination, and peer-to-peer vaccination efforts. Despite maximal attempts to improve accessibility and convenience, 27.2% (66 of 243) of die surveyed HCP were unwilling to wait more than 10 minutes for a free influenza vaccination, and 23.3% (55 of 236) would be indifferent if they were unable to be vaccinated. In this context, institution of a mandatory vaccination campaign requiring unvaccinated HCP to mask during the influenza season increased rates of compliance to over 90% and markedly reduced the proportion of HCP who declined vaccination as a result of preference.Conclusions.A mandatory influenza vaccination program for HCP was essential to achieving high vaccination rates, despite years of intensive vaccination campaigns focused on increasing accessibility and convenience. Mandatory vaccination policies appear to successfully capture a large portion of HCP who are not opposed to receipt of die vaccine but who have not made vaccination a priority.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(1):63-70

scholarly journals Individual Preferences for Voluntary vs. Mandatory Vaccination Policies: An Experimental Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Meier ◽  
Robert Böhm ◽  
Lars Korn ◽  
Cornelia Betsch
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Vaccination Decision ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination ◽  
Mandatory Policy ◽  
Voluntary Vaccination

Background: More and more countries are discussing the introduction of mandatory vaccinationpolicies. Yet, little is known about individuals’ actual preferences for voluntary vs. mandatory vaccination policies, and the psychological processes underlying such preferences. Objective of the present research was to investigate the development of individual preferences for voluntary and mandatory vaccination policies.Methods: We conducted a controlled laboratory study (N = 168) using a repeated interactive vaccination game with decision-contingent monetary incentives. In each round, participants decided in favour of either a voluntary or a mandatory vaccination policy, followed by the vaccination decision (voluntary policy) or vaccination (mandatory policy) which both resulted in actual (financial) consequences.Results: We observe large heterogeneity in participants’ preferences for the voluntary vs. mandatory policy. Under voluntary vaccination, the preference for the mandatory policy increased with decreasing vaccination rates (and increasing risk of infection). In contrast, experiencing vaccine- adverse events under mandatory vaccination increased the preference for the voluntary policy. The latter effect was larger for individuals with a negative (vs. positive) attitude towards vaccination. Overall, as individuals gathered experiences under both the voluntary and the mandatory policy, the preference for voluntary vaccination policy increased over time.Conclusions: Individuals are more willing to accept mandatory vaccination policies when vaccination rates are low. In the long run, the occurrence of vaccine-adverse events may spark opposition to mandatory vaccination policy.

Japanese Childhood Vaccination Policy

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER DOSHI ◽  
AKIRA AKABAYASHI
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Childhood Vaccine ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination ◽  
Ethical Tension

The ethical tension in childhood vaccination policies is often framed as one of balancing the value of choice with the duty to protect. Because infectious diseases spread from person to person, unvaccinated children are usually described as putting others around them at risk, violating a perceived right to be protected from harm. Editors of Lancet Infectious Diseases recently argued against mandatory vaccination, reminding us that the resort to mandatory vaccination as a means of achieving high vaccination rates is still very much a topic of Western vaccine debates. The nation of Japan offers an interesting case study in childhood vaccination policy, as it has an entirely voluntary (opt-in) system that achieves high vaccination rates. In this paper, we offer an overview of Japanese childhood vaccine policy, suggest some ways to contextualize and understand how a voluntary system achieves high vaccination rates, and speculate on what the future of Japanese vaccination policymaking and government–public relations may hold.

scholarly journals Roll out of COVID-19 vaccination in India: A SWOT analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Priyanka Sharma ◽  
Geeta Pardeshi
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Response Information ◽  
Swot Matrix ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Near Future

Abstract Objective: To identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportuntities, and threats (SWOT) in the rollout of COVID-19 vaccination campaign in India. Methods: The internal and external attributes affecting the vaccination rollout identifed by reviewing the scientific literature, government guidelines and press statements along with media reports were categorized into the SWOT matrix. Results: The existing immunization program, indigenous vaccine production, setting up of NEGVAC, updated guidelines, and training followed by dry runs were identified as strengths. The weaknesses identified in the program were knowledge gap about vaccines, apprehensions, lack of temperature loggers and VVM, space contraints in health care set up, demand supply gap, and digital divide.The experience of conducting the general elections, intersectoral coordination forged during the pandemic response, Information Technology platform, and vaccine eagerness present opportunitnies to strenghten program. The emergence of virus variants, commercial interests, laxity in COVID appropriate behaviour, and receding wave of the pandemic can pose significant threats to the implementation of the vaccination campaign. Conclusion: The study identified factors which can aid design effective measures and countermeasures for COVID-19 vaccination rollout. This SWOT analysis is relevant to Low and Middle Income countries planning to implement COVID vaccine in the near future.

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